Germanic languages

several countries of Western Europe (UK, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein), North. America (USA, Canada), southern Africa (South Africa, Namibia), Asia (India), Australia, New Zealand. The total number of speakers as native languages — about 550 million people.

divided into 3 periods:  ancient (from the appearance of writing to the XI century) — the establishment of separate languages;  intermediate (XII—XV century) — the development of writing in the Germanic languages and the extension of their social functions;  new (from the XVI century to the present) — the formation and normalization of the national language.

(VIII—IX centuries), Junior (IX—XII centuries), punctured (XI—XIII centuries), in Gothic language. Gothic — letter (IV century). Latin letter appears together with the introduction of Christianity in England since the seventh century, Germany, VIII century, in the Scandinavian countries since the end of the XI century (Iceland, Norway) and the XIII century (Sweden, Denmark). Used Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian minuscule with the addition of a number of symbols for the transmission of sounds not found in Latin.

the Germanic languages: the Nominal forms of the verb. The category of adverbs. Monoplegia. — M.: Nauka, 1978. — 178 p.  Berkov V. P. Modern Germanic languages. — M.: Astrel—AST, 2001.  Bubrich D. About the Finnish language traces of Teutonic — Chud. Language and literature. I. — L., 1926. [About the Finnish elements in the Germanic languages].  Zhirmunskii V. M. Introduction to comparative-historical study of the Germanic languages. — M.—L., 1964.  Historical and typological morphology of the Germanic languages: a Category of the verb. / Under the editorship of M. M. Hohman, E. A. makaeva, V. N. The Yartsevo. — M.: Nauka, 1977. — 296 p.  Historical and typological morphology of the Germanic languages: Phonomorphological. Paradigmatica. Category name. / Under the editorship of M. M. Guhman. — M.: Nauka, 1977. — 360 p.  Kuzmenko Yu. K. Phonological evolution of the Germanic languages. — L.: Nauka, 1991. — 284 p.  Meye A. the Main features of the Germanic languages. / Per. FR. — M., 1952.  Prokos E. Comparative grammar of the Germanic languages / Ed. from English. — M., 1954.  Sizova I. A. Germanic languages. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. — M., 1990.  Soloveva, L. N. The ancient Germanic tribes and their languages  Comparative grammar of the Germanic languages. — T. 1-4. — M., 1962-1966.  Toporov, T. V. Germanic languages. // Germanic and Celtic languages. Languages of the world. — Moscow: Academia, 2000.  Grundriss der germanischen Philologie. / hrsg. von H. Paul. Bde I, II. — 1907.  Hirt H. Handbuch des Urgermanischen. — Tl. 1-3. — Hdlb., 1931-1934.  C. J. Hutterer, Die germanischen Sprachen. — Bdpst., 1973.  R. E. Keller, The German language. — L.—Boston, 1975.  W. Streitberg Urgermanische Grammatik. — Hdlb., 1900.

from other Indo-European:  dynamic accent on the first (root) syllable,  reduction of unstressed syllables,  assimilative vowel variation,  the movement of German consonants  the widespread use of ablaut as Phono-morphologically funds  the formation of the weak preterit with the help of the dental suffix  2 declension of adjectives: strong and weak.