Globalization

Сентябрь 3, 2022

Содержание

2. What Is Globalization? The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated
3. The Globalization Of Markets The globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and
4. The Globalization Of Markets Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally The tastes and
5. The Globalization Of Production The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services
6. The Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions are needed to: help manage, regulate, and police the global
7. The Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions created over the past half century include: the General Agreement
8. The Emergence Of Global Institutions The World Trade Organization (like its predecessor GATT) is primarily responsible
9. The Emergence Of Global Institutions The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created in
10. The Emergence Of Global Institutions The United Nations was established in 1945 to: maintain international peace
11. Drivers Of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization: the decline in barriers
12. Declining Trade And Investment Barriers International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to
13. Declining Trade And Investment Barriers Table 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of
14. Declining Trade And Investment Barriers Lower barriers to trade and investment mean: that firms can view
15. The Role Of Technological Change Technological change has made the globalization of markets a reality Important
16. The Role Of Technological Change Implications of technological change for the globalization of production include: lower
17. The Role Of Technological Change Implications of technological change for the globalization of markets include: low
18. The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy There has been a drastic change in the demographics
19. The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture In 1960, the United States accounted for over
20. The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture Table 1.2: The Changing Demographics of World GDP
21. The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted for about two-thirds of
22. The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture Figure 1.2: Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock 1980-2005
23. The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture Figure 1.3: FDI Inflows 1988-2006
24. The Changing Nature Of The Multinational Enterprise A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any business that has
25. The Changing World Order Many former Communist nations in Europe and Asia are now committed to
26. The Global Economy Of The Twenty-first Century The world is moving toward a more global economic
27. The Globalization Debate Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good
28. Anti-Globalization Protests More than 40,000 anti-globalization protesters took to the street at the WTO meeting in
29. Globalization, Jobs, And Income Globalization critics argue that falling barriers to trade are destroying manufacturing jobs
30. Globalization, Labor Policies, And The Environment Globalization critics argue that firms avoid costly efforts to adhere
31. Globalization And National Sovereignty Critics of globalization worry that today’s interdependent global economy is shifting economic
32. Globalization And The World’s Poor Critics of globalization argue that the gap between rich nations and
33. Managing In The Global Marketplace An international business is any firm that engages in international trade
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Слайд 2

What Is Globalization?
The world is moving away from self-contained national economies

toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system
Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy
Globalization has two facets:
1) the globalization of markets
2) the globalization of production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7eRb8aLpNI

Слайд 3

The Globalization Of Markets
The globalization of markets refers to the merging

of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace
In many industries, it is no longer meaningful to talk about the “German market” or the “American market”
Instead, there is only the global market
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/business/2008/the_box/default.stm

Слайд 4

The Globalization Of Markets
Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell

internationally
The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm
Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide

Слайд 5

The Globalization Of Production
The globalization of production refers to the sourcing

of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital
Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering

Слайд 6

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to:
help manage, regulate,

and police the global marketplace
promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system

Слайд 7

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions created over the past half

century include:
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
the World Trade Organization (WTO)
the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
the World Bank
the United Nations (UN)

Слайд 8

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The World Trade Organization (like its predecessor

GATT) is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system and making sure that nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO members
In 2007, the 150 nations that accounted for 97% of world trade were WTO members
The WTO promotes lower barriers to trade and investment

Слайд 9

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The International Monetary Fund and the World

Bank were created in 1944
The IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system
The World Bank was established to promote economic development

Слайд 10

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The United Nations was established in 1945

to:
maintain international peace and security
develop friendly relations among nations
cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights
be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations

Слайд 11

Drivers Of Globalization
Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater

globalization:
the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II
technological change

Слайд 12

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
International trade occurs when a firm exports

goods or services to consumers in another country
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country
After World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investment
Since 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4%
Countries have also been opening markets to FDI

Слайд 13

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
Table 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured

Products as Percent of Value

Слайд 14

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
Lower barriers to trade and investment mean:
that

firms can view the world, rather than a single country, as their market
that firms can base production in the optimal location for that activity

Слайд 15

The Role Of Technological Change
Technological change has made the globalization

of markets a reality
Important advances have occurred in:
microprocessors and telecommunications
the Internet and World Wide Web
transportation technology

Слайд 16

The Role Of Technological Change
Implications of technological change for the globalization

of production include:
lower transportation costs that enable firms to disperse production to economical, geographically separate locations
lower information processing and communication costs that enable firms to create and manage globally dispersed production systems

Слайд 17

The Role Of Technological Change
Implications of technological change for the globalization

of markets include:
low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplace
low-cost transportation help create global markets
global communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture, and a global market for consumer products

Слайд 18

The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy
There has been a

drastic change in the demographics of the world economy in the last 30 years
Four trends are important:
the Changing World Output and World Trade Picture
the Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
the Changing Nature of the Multinational Enterprise
the Changing World Order

Слайд 19

The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture
In 1960, the United

States accounted for over 40% of world economic activity
By 2006, the United States accounted for less than 20% of world economic activity
A similar trend occurred in other developed countries
The share of world output accounted for by developing nations is rising and is expected to account for more than 60% of world economic activity by 2020

Слайд 20

The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture
Table 1.2: The Changing

Demographics of World GDP and Trade

Слайд 21

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted

for about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows
Today, the United States accounts for less than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flows
Other developed countries have followed a similar pattern
In contrast, the share of FDI accounted for by developing countries has risen from less than 2% in 1980 to almost 12% in 2005
Developing countries, especially China, have also become popular destinations for FDI

Слайд 22

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
Figure 1.2: Percentage Share of Total

FDI Stock 1980-2005

Слайд 23

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
Figure 1.3: FDI Inflows 1988-2006

Слайд 24

The Changing Nature Of The Multinational Enterprise
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is

any business that has productive activities in two or more countries
Since the 1960s, there has been a rise in non-U.S. multinationals, and a growth of mini-multinationals

Слайд 25

The Changing World Order
Many former Communist nations in Europe and Asia

are now committed to democratic politics and free market economies and so, create new opportunities for international businesses
China and Latin America are also moving toward greater free market reforms

Слайд 26

The Global Economy Of The Twenty-first Century
The world is moving

toward a more global economic system, but globalization is not inevitable
Globalization also brings risks like the financial crisis that swept through South East Asia in the late 1990s

Слайд 27

The Globalization Debate
Is the shift toward a more integrated and

interdependent global economy a good thing?
Supporters believe that increased trade and cross-border investment mean lower prices for goods and services, greater economic growth, higher consumer income, and more jobs
Critics worry that globalization will cause job losses, environmental degradation, and the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs

Слайд 28

Anti-Globalization Protests
More than 40,000 anti-globalization protesters took to the street at

the WTO meeting in Seattle in 1999
Protesters now regularly show up at most major meetings of global institutions

Слайд 29

Globalization, Jobs, And Income
Globalization critics argue that falling barriers to

trade are destroying manufacturing jobs in advanced countries
Supporters of globalization contend that the benefits of this trend outweigh the costs—that countries will specialize in what they do most efficiently and trade for other goods—and all countries will benefit

Слайд 30

Globalization, Labor Policies, And The Environment
Globalization critics argue that firms avoid

costly efforts to adhere to labor and environmental regulations by moving production to countries where such regulations do not exist, or are not enforced
Globalization supporters claim that tougher environmental and labor standards are associated with economic progress, so as countries get richer from free trade, they get tougher environmental and labor regulations

Слайд 31

Globalization And National Sovereignty
Critics of globalization worry that today’s interdependent

global economy is shifting economic power away from national governments toward supranational organizations like the WTO, the EU, and the UN
Supporters of globalization contend that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states agree to grant, and that the power of the organizations lies in their ability to get countries to agree to follow certain actions

Слайд 32

Globalization And The World’s Poor
Critics of globalization argue that the

gap between rich nations and poor nations is getting wider
Supporters of globalization claim that the best way for the poor nations to improve their situation is to reduce barriers to trade and investment and implement economic policies based on free market economies, and to receive debt forgiveness for debts incurred under totalitarian regimes

Слайд 33

Managing In The Global Marketplace
An international business is any firm

that engages in international trade or investment

Globalization

Содержание

What Is Globalization?The world is moving away from self-contained national economies

The Globalization Of MarketsThe globalization of markets refers to the merging

The Globalization Of MarketsFalling trade barriers make it easier to sell

The Globalization Of ProductionThe globalization of production refers to the sourcing

The Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions are needed to:help manage, regulate,

The Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions created over the past half

The Emergence Of Global InstitutionsThe World Trade Organization (like its predecessor

The Emergence Of Global InstitutionsThe International Monetary Fund and the World

The Emergence Of Global InstitutionsThe United Nations was established in 1945

Drivers Of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater

Declining Trade And Investment BarriersInternational trade occurs when a firm exports

Declining Trade And Investment BarriersTable 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured

Declining Trade And Investment BarriersLower barriers to trade and investment mean:that

The Role Of Technological Change Technological change has made the globalization

The Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization

The Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization

The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy There has been a

The Changing World Output And World Trade PictureIn 1960, the United

The Changing World Output And World Trade PictureTable 1.2: The Changing

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PictureIn the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PictureFigure 1.2: Percentage Share of Total

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PictureFigure 1.3: FDI Inflows 1988-2006

The Changing Nature Of The Multinational EnterpriseA multinational enterprise (MNE) is

The Changing World OrderMany former Communist nations in Europe and Asia

The Global Economy Of The Twenty-first Century The world is moving

The Globalization Debate Is the shift toward a more integrated and

Anti-Globalization ProtestsMore than 40,000 anti-globalization protesters took to the street at

Globalization, Jobs, And Income Globalization critics argue that falling barriers to

Globalization, Labor Policies, And The EnvironmentGlobalization critics argue that firms avoid

Globalization And National Sovereignty Critics of globalization worry that today’s interdependent

Globalization And The World’s Poor Critics of globalization argue that the

Managing In The Global Marketplace An international business is any firm

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What Is Globalization?
The world is moving away from self-contained national economies

The Globalization Of Markets
The globalization of markets refers to the merging

The Globalization Of Markets
Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell

The Globalization Of Production
The globalization of production refers to the sourcing

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to:
help manage, regulate,

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions created over the past half

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The World Trade Organization (like its predecessor

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The International Monetary Fund and the World

The Emergence Of Global Institutions
The United Nations was established in 1945

Drivers Of Globalization
Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
International trade occurs when a firm exports

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
Table 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured

Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
Lower barriers to trade and investment mean:
that

The Role Of Technological Change
Technological change has made the globalization

The Role Of Technological Change
Implications of technological change for the globalization

The Role Of Technological Change
Implications of technological change for the globalization

The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy
There has been a

The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture
In 1960, the United

The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture
Table 1.2: The Changing

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
Figure 1.2: Percentage Share of Total

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
Figure 1.3: FDI Inflows 1988-2006

The Changing Nature Of The Multinational Enterprise
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is

The Changing World Order
Many former Communist nations in Europe and Asia

The Global Economy Of The Twenty-first Century
The world is moving

The Globalization Debate
Is the shift toward a more integrated and

Anti-Globalization Protests
More than 40,000 anti-globalization protesters took to the street at

Globalization, Jobs, And Income
Globalization critics argue that falling barriers to

Globalization, Labor Policies, And The Environment
Globalization critics argue that firms avoid

Globalization And National Sovereignty
Critics of globalization worry that today’s interdependent

Globalization And The World’s Poor
Critics of globalization argue that the

Managing In The Global Marketplace
An international business is any firm