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- 2. The Category of Voice: General Information The category of voice shows the information focus in the
- 3. Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Form The category of voice (as well as aspect and phase)
- 4. Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Meaning Active Voice extensive active meaning (agent) He opened the door.
- 5. Semantic Approach: Five Voices Active voice I asked a question. Passive voice He was asked a
- 6. V.Y. Plotkin’s Approach: No Voices There were no category of voice in OE and it did
- 8. Скачать презентацию
The Category of Voice: General Information
The category of voice shows the
The Category of Voice: General Information
The category of voice shows the
Voice (from Latin vox-vocis ‘a faculty of speech’) is the grammatical category of the verb expressing parsing of the situation information structure as conceived by the speaker. It is a speaker-related category.
Different approaches to voice:
formal (traditional): two voices - H. Sweet, O. Jespersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, L.S. Barchudarov;
semantic: five voices - H. Poutsma, I.I. Ivanova;
V.Y. Plotkin’s: no voices.
Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Form
The category of voice (as well
Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Form
The category of voice (as well
It is the opposition of the categorial forms of active and passive voice.
The active voice is unmarked. The passive voice is marked, analytical, has a discontinuous morpheme {be + -ed/n, etc.}.
Some verbs are not used in forms of passive voice: be, seem, become, appear, go*, come*, belong, consist, or used rarely, with certain semantic and contextual restrictions: sit, live, sleep, walk, jump, have, etc.
* is gone, is come are combinations of be + participle II.
Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Meaning
Active Voice
extensive
active meaning (agent)
He opened the
Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Meaning
Active Voice
extensive
active meaning (agent)
He opened the
non-active (not or not only the agent)
She broke her leg (passive).
The concert began (middle).
John shaved himself (reflexive).
They kissed each other (reciprocal).
Passive Voice
intensive
the subject if the recipient of the action
(L.S. Barchudarov)
Semantic Approach: Five Voices
Active voice
I asked a question.
Passive voice
He was asked
Semantic Approach: Five Voices
Active voice
I asked a question.
Passive voice
He was asked
Middle voice
The door opened.
Reflexive voice
She dressed herself.
Reciprocal voice
They met in the street.
Arguments against the semantic approach
The subject of the active verb is the agent in an overwhelming majority of cases.
Almost all meanings of the active form have an active component.
It is impossible to use an object with the preposition by in sentences with the active verb in passive meaning.
V.Y. Plotkin’s Approach: No Voices
There were no category of voice in
V.Y. Plotkin’s Approach: No Voices
There were no category of voice in
According to V.Y. Plotkin, a grammatical category may only be distinguished if it has the ‘synthetic basis’.
He is asked is an analytical combination with passive meaning.