The variable of political culture & socialization

Сентябрь 6, 2022

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The variable of political culture & socialization

Содержание

2. We will especially be interested in… How do we explain democratic stability? Why is democracy the
3. Culture and Politics A thought experiment: if we took a political institution(s) (e.g. democracy) indigenous to
4. Culture and Politics Classical political theorists starting with Plato and Aristotle and continuing through Montesquieu, Rousseau,
5. Culture and Politics Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 3 major causes of democracy in America:
6. Political culture is? Political culture = the set of attitudes, beliefs, and norms held by a
7. Political culture is? Attitudes = dispositions towards politics (political leaders, events, institutions, governments, policies, etc.). examples:
8. Political culture is? Norms: = values / ideas about the world / judgments about what is
9. Political culture is? a nation’s political culture includes its citizens orientation toward 3 levels: the political
10. Political culture Other issues: government overall involvement in society and economy ‘big government’ or ‘small government’?
11. Political culture Political culture (PC) PC affects / has influence on: how the political system and
12. Political culture “shared” political culture in one country does not mean that people have identical positions/
13. Political culture Observe also concepts / values such as: national identity national pride / patriotism nationalism
14. Political culture Political culture / political subcultures Consensual Conflictual sometimes can coincide with religious, ethnic differences
15. Political culture You may often hear that democracy cannot succeed in some countries because of their
16. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba Two components: A participant attitude toward politics. Individuals value participation and
17. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
18. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba In subject or parochial political culture (also “familism)”: all loyalty and
19. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba Hypothesis: Civic Culture => Stable Democracy = in stable political systems
20. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba Seminar Test: Measure civic culture in 5 countries that vary in
21. The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba BUT: Couldn’t the relationship run the other way? Perhaps high levels
22. The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy Why
23. The Civic Culture revisited Citizens have become more distrustful of electoral politics, institutions, and representatives and
25. The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam In fact: performance has been quite varied. Government in the north
26. The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam Explanations for the difference between the North and the South? Explanation
27. The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam Putnam: Culture. Why? Because the cultural differences observed in Northern Italy
28. The historical argument . . . Medieval Italy: a time of great violence and anarchy. Insecurity
29. The historical argument . . . These different solutions had a long-lasting impact on the cultural
30. … and the mechanism? Rich associational life (“social capital”) => Solves collective action problems. rich associational
31. Political culture and political socialization How people acquire their political culture?
32. Socialization and Political Socialization PC is gained in the process of political socialization
33. (Political) socialization Political socialization = the process by which political culture is transferred from generation to
34. Political socialization The way in which political values are formed and the political culture is transmitted
35. Political Socialization Agents of political socialization: The Family Schools Religious institutions Peer groups Social class and
36. Trends in contemporary political cultures Some general and global processes / trends are affecting political culture
37. Liberalism’s Key Norms The protection of individual rights from powerful groups and governments. Competition and disagreement
38. Notes on Liberalism and democracy Historically, liberalism was a precedent to democracy in Western Europe and
39. Liberalism and democracy Why? Norms like egalitarianism and tolerance of dissent may improve the quality of
40. Huntington’s cultural argument Samuel Huntington: liberal norms are associated with some religions (Protestantism) but not others
41. Huntington’s cultural argument Catholicism: hierarchical, emphasizes a single, collective good. Values harmony and consensus. Confucianism: authority,
42. Huntington’s cultural argument: problems Religions and cultures are dynamic, not static. All religions have aspects that
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We will especially be interested in…
How do we explain democratic stability?

Why is democracy the “only game in town” in some countries but not others?
Different answers:
Level of economic development
Culture
Institutions

Слайд 3

Culture and Politics
A thought experiment: if we took a political institution(s)

(e.g. democracy) indigenous to one country and transplanted it to another country with a completely different culture, would that institution /institutions perform the same way?
Does culture matter?

Слайд 4

Culture and Politics
Classical political theorists starting with Plato and Aristotle and

continuing through Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Tocqueville all recognized the importance of custom, tradition, mores, and religious practices for explaining political differences. However, the formalizing of the concept of political culture had to await the developments after World War II…

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Culture and Politics
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
3 major causes of

democracy in America:
(1) geographical situation
(2) laws and institutions
(3) values, culture and what he called mores - “the whole moral and intellectual state of a people”

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Political culture is?
Political culture
= the set of attitudes, beliefs, and

norms held by a population toward politics…

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Political culture is?
Attitudes
= dispositions towards politics (political leaders, events, institutions, governments,

policies, etc.).
examples: support for the government, tolerance for opposing view points, trust in political institutions, feelings of political efficacy and so on.

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Political culture is?
Norms:
= values / ideas about the world / judgments

about what is good and bad…
Example: “Democracy is good”; “justice is the most important thing”, etc.

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Political culture is?
a nation’s political culture includes its citizens orientation toward

3 levels:
the political system
its individual institutions and the political and policy-making process
policy outputs and outcomes

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Political culture
Other issues:
government overall involvement in society and economy
‘big government’ or

‘small government’?
nationalization or privatization?
from basic needs to quality of life (environment, arts, etc.)

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Political culture
Political culture (PC)
PC affects / has influence on: how the

political system and institutions evolve, how political decisions are made, etc.
How much does PC have impact on institutional structures in political system &decision-making processes?
PC = a longer-term factor

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Political culture
“shared” political culture in one country does not mean that

people have identical positions/ opinions on all issues…; we can, for instance, distinguish between
“mass” vs. “elite” political cultures
they might be different within one country and could be seen as different “sub-cultures”
there might also be regional subcultures and subcultures associated with larger groups /classes

Слайд 13

Political culture
Observe also concepts / values such as:
national identity
national pride /

patriotism
nationalism
National vs. regional / local identities

Слайд 14

Political culture
Political culture / political subcultures
Consensual
Conflictual
sometimes can coincide with religious, ethnic

differences

Слайд 15

Political culture
You may often hear that democracy cannot succeed in some

countries because of their “undemocratic political culture”…
civic culture = PC that supports liberalism and democracy (G. Almond & S. Verba)
perhaps a balanced mix of participant and subject political cultures

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The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Two components:
A participant attitude toward politics. Individuals

value participation and become involved in their communities (not just their own narrow self interest)
Trust in other people and a willingness to cooperate

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The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba

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The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
In subject or parochial political culture (also

“familism)”:
all loyalty and trust is centered in the family.
people are not public-spirited: they don’t participate in community life, are not informed about politics, etc.
no trust of “outsiders,” no willingness to cooperate.
maximize material, short-run advantage of family

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The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Hypothesis:
Civic Culture => Stable Democracy
=

in stable political systems political structures and political culture are mutually reinforcing
Other PC / Familism => Unstable Democracy

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The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Seminar Test:
Measure civic culture in 5

countries that vary in their level of democratic stability:
High stability: US, GB
Middle stability: Italy
Low stability: Mexico, Pakistan
Prediction: Civic culture is high in US and GB, low in Mexico and Pakistan, moderate in Italy.
Results: Hypothesis confirmed.
Conclusion: Cultural attitudes => Stability of democracy.

Слайд 21

The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
BUT: Couldn’t the relationship run the other

way? Perhaps high levels of civic culture are an effect of stable institutions, not their cause!
AND: Perhaps both cultural values and democratic stability are caused by something else, namely, economic development?
(In general: correlation is not the same as causation!!!)

Слайд 22

The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions

in Modern Italy
Why does democracy work well in some places but not others?
The Italian experiment: 15 identical regional governments situated in different economic and cultural contexts. Would they perform differently? If so, why?

Слайд 23

The Civic Culture revisited
Citizens have become more distrustful of electoral politics,

institutions, and representatives and are more ready to confront elites with demands from below.

Слайд 24

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The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
In fact: performance has been quite varied.

Government in the north = good; government in the south = not so good.
The institutions are the same but their performance varies. WHY?

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The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Explanations for the difference between the North

and the South?
Explanation One: Economic development. The North is rich, the South is poor.
Explanation Two: Culture. Civic culture is high in the North, low in the South.
So which is it? And what causes what?

Слайд 27

The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Putnam: Culture.
Why? Because the cultural differences

observed in Northern Italy emerged first, before the economic differences, and long before the political ones.

Слайд 28

The historical argument . . .
Medieval Italy: a time of great

violence and anarchy. Insecurity was a constant fact of life.
In the South: the solution was to strengthen the power of the king, who could then secure the area.
In the North: the solution was self-governance and mutual aid and defense.

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The historical argument . . .
These different solutions had a long-lasting

impact on the cultural traditions of the areas. A rich associational life flourished in the North, did not quite developed in the South.
Furthermore, these cultural traditions emerged well before economic differences became entrenched.
Thus, according to this argument, culture preceded politics and economics.

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… and the mechanism?
Rich associational life (“social capital”) => Solves collective

action problems.
rich associational life means people interact repeatedly with one another, which helps them identify with common goals, punish free-riders, etc.
rich associational life also promotes “norms of reciprocity”

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Political culture and political socialization
How people acquire their political culture?

Слайд 32

Socialization and Political Socialization
PC is gained in the process of political
socialization

Слайд 33

(Political) socialization
Political socialization =
the process by which political culture is transferred

from generation to generation
i.e. it happens through your exposure to family, school, the media, etc.
during this process you become a “political animal”!

Слайд 34

Political socialization
The way in which political values are formed and the

political culture is transmitted from one generation to another
Direct (public courses at school)
Indirect (examples)

Слайд 35

Political Socialization
Agents of political socialization:
The Family
Schools
Religious institutions
Peer groups
Social class and gender
Mass

media
Interest groups
Governmental structures (police, bureaucrats,…)

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Trends in contemporary political cultures
Some general and global processes / trends

are affecting political culture in many countries…:
modernization
democratization?
globalization / marketization?
resurgence of ethnicity / religion?
postmaterial values

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Liberalism’s Key Norms
The protection of individual rights from powerful groups and

governments.
Competition and disagreement versus harmony and cooperation.
Tolerance of dissent rather than unanimity.
Egalitarianism over hierarchy.
Society should have a separate, protected realm from the state.

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Notes on Liberalism and democracy
Historically, liberalism was a precedent to democracy

in Western Europe and the US.
This has lead some to see liberalism as a necessary condition for democracy.

Слайд 39

Liberalism and democracy
Why?
Norms like egalitarianism and tolerance of dissent may improve

the quality of competition.
Emphasis on individual rights may make majority rule less frightening for minorities.

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Huntington’s cultural argument
Samuel Huntington: liberal norms are associated with some religions

(Protestantism) but not others (Catholicism, Confucianism, Islam).
Can we found democracy where these “non-liberal” religions prevail?

Слайд 41

Huntington’s cultural argument
Catholicism: hierarchical, emphasizes a single, collective good. Values harmony

and consensus.
Confucianism: authority, hierarchy, responsibility, harmony. Sees conflict as dangerous. Merges state and society.
Islam: rejects separation of religion and state.

Слайд 42

Huntington’s cultural argument: problems
Religions and cultures are dynamic, not static.
All

religions have aspects that conform with liberal norms and others that contradict them.
Consensus building may be as important to democracy as competition.

The variable of political culture &amp; socialization

Содержание

We will especially be interested in…How do we explain democratic stability?

Culture and PoliticsA thought experiment: if we took a political institution(s)

Culture and PoliticsClassical political theorists starting with Plato and Aristotle and

Culture and PoliticsAlexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America3 major causes of

Political culture is?Political culture = the set of attitudes, beliefs, and

Political culture is?Attitudes= dispositions towards politics (political leaders, events, institutions, governments,

Political culture is?Norms: = values / ideas about the world / judgments

Political culture is?a nation’s political culture includes its citizens orientation toward

Political cultureOther issues:government overall involvement in society and economy‘big government’ or

Political culturePolitical culture (PC)PC affects / has influence on: how the

Political culture“shared” political culture in one country does not mean that

Political cultureObserve also concepts / values such as:national identitynational pride /

Political culturePolitical culture / political subculturesConsensualConflictualsometimes can coincide with religious, ethnic

Political cultureYou may often hear that democracy cannot succeed in some

The Civic Culture: Almond &VerbaTwo components:A participant attitude toward politics. Individuals

The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba

The Civic Culture: Almond &VerbaIn subject or parochial political culture (also

The Civic Culture: Almond &VerbaHypothesis: Civic Culture => Stable Democracy =

The Civic Culture: Almond &VerbaSeminar Test: Measure civic culture in 5

The Civic Culture: Almond &VerbaBUT: Couldn’t the relationship run the other

The Civic Culture revisited: PutnamRobert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions

The Civic Culture revisitedCitizens have become more distrustful of electoral politics,

The Civic Culture revisited: PutnamIn fact: performance has been quite varied.

The Civic Culture revisited: PutnamExplanations for the difference between the North

The Civic Culture revisited: PutnamPutnam: Culture. Why? Because the cultural differences

The historical argument . . .Medieval Italy: a time of great

The historical argument . . .These different solutions had a long-lasting

… and the mechanism?Rich associational life (“social capital”) => Solves collective

Political culture and political socializationHow people acquire their political culture?

Socialization and Political SocializationPC is gained in the process of politicalsocialization

(Political) socializationPolitical socialization =the process by which political culture is transferred

Political socializationThe way in which political values are formed and the

Political SocializationAgents of political socialization:The FamilySchoolsReligious institutionsPeer groupsSocial class and genderMass

Trends in contemporary political culturesSome general and global processes / trends

Liberalism’s Key NormsThe protection of individual rights from powerful groups and

Notes on Liberalism and democracyHistorically, liberalism was a precedent to democracy

Liberalism and democracyWhy?Norms like egalitarianism and tolerance of dissent may improve

Huntington’s cultural argumentSamuel Huntington: liberal norms are associated with some religions

Huntington’s cultural argumentCatholicism: hierarchical, emphasizes a single, collective good. Values harmony

Huntington’s cultural argument: problemsReligions and cultures are dynamic, not static. All

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