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Drought And Famine
Содержание
- 2. Drought
- 3. Drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in
- 4. Consequences Periods of droughts can have significant environmental, agricultural, health, economic and social consequences. The effect
- 5. Drought is a normal, recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world. It
- 6. Regions Recurring droughts leading to desertification in the Horn of Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes,
- 7. In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in 100 years.A 23 July
- 9. Causes Generally, rainfall is related to the amount and dew point [determined by air temperature] of
- 10. Types As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the
- 11. Protection and relief Dams - many dams and their associated reservoirs supply additional water in times
- 12. Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption.
- 13. Drought monitoring Continuous observation of rainfall levels and comparisons with current usage levels can help prevent
- 14. Cloud seeding - an artificial technique to induce rainfall.
- 15. Land use - Carefully planned crop rotation can help to minimize erosion and allow farmers to
- 16. Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or buckets on outdoor plants, filling
- 17. Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or buckets on outdoor plants, filling
- 18. Famine
- 19. Famine A famine is a widespread scarcity of food,caused by several factors including crop failure, population
- 20. Causes Definitions of famines are based on three different categories – these include food supply-based, food
- 21. History During the 20th century, an estimated 70 million people died from famines across the world,
- 22. Africa An account from the First Intermediate Period states, "All of Upper Egypt was dying of
- 24. Italy The harvest failures were devastating for the northern Italian economy. The economy of the area
- 25. Ireland The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849, was caused in part by policies of the Whig
- 26. Famine Memorial in Dublin
- 27. Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union Droughts and famines in Russia and the
- 29. Скачать презентацию
Drought
Drought
Drought is an extended period of months or years when a
Drought is an extended period of months or years when a
Succulent plants are well-adapted to survive long periods of drought.
Many plant species, such as cacti, have adaptations such as reduced leaf area and waxy cuticles to enhance their ability to tolerate drought. Some others survive dry periods as buried seeds. Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes such as deserts and grasslands. Most arid ecosystems have inherently low productivity.
This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture. Lengthy periods of drought have long been a key trigger for mass migration and played a key role in a number of ongoing migrations and other humanitarian crises in the Horn of Africa and the Sahel.
Consequences
Periods of droughts can have significant environmental, agricultural, health, economic and
Consequences
Periods of droughts can have significant environmental, agricultural, health, economic and
Drought can also reduce water quality, because lower water flows reduce dilution of pollutants and increase contamination of remaining water sources. Common consequences of drought include:
Diminished crop growth or yield productions and carrying capacity for livestock
Dust bowls, themselves a sign of erosion, which further erode the landscape
Dust storms, when drought hits an area suffering from desertification and erosion
Famine due to lack of water for irrigation
Habitat damage, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Hunger, drought provides too little water to support food crops.
Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases
Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees
Reduced electricity production due to reduced water flow through hydroelectric dams
Shortages of water for industrial users
Snake migration and increases in snakebites
Social unrest
War over natural resources, including water and food
Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, are more common during times of drought.
Drought is a normal, recurring feature of the climate in most
Drought is a normal, recurring feature of the climate in most
Modern people can effectively mitigate much of the impact of drought through irrigation and crop rotation. Failure to develop adequate drought mitigation strategies carries a grave human cost in the modern era, exacerbated by ever-increasing population densities.
Globally
Regions
Recurring droughts leading to desertification in the Horn of Africa have
Regions
Recurring droughts leading to desertification in the Horn of Africa have
In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought
In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought
By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid lands commonly known as the outback. A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to human settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago. Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented monsoons from reaching interior Australia.In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole Murray-Darling basin if it does not receive sufficient water by October.Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.Australian environmentalist Tim Flannery, predicted that unless it made drastic changes, Perth in Western Australia could become the world’s first ghost metropolis, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population.East Africa currently faces its worst drought in decades,with crops and livestock destroyed. The U.N. World Food Programme recently said that nearly four million Kenyans urgently needed food.
Causes
Generally, rainfall is related to the amount and dew point [determined
Causes
Generally, rainfall is related to the amount and dew point [determined
Types
As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and
Types
As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and
Agricultural droughts are droughts that affect crop production or the ecology of the range. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when soil conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of below average precipitation.
Hydrological drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical average. Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, Kazakhstan was recently awarded a large amount of money by the World Bank to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the Aral Sea under Soviet rule.Similar circumstances also place their largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out.
Protection and relief
Dams - many dams and their associated reservoirs supply
Protection and relief
Dams - many dams and their associated reservoirs supply
Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption.
Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption.
Drought monitoring
Continuous observation of rainfall levels and comparisons with current
Drought monitoring
Continuous observation of rainfall levels and comparisons with current
Cloud seeding - an artificial technique to induce rainfall.
Cloud seeding - an artificial technique to induce rainfall.
Land use - Carefully planned crop rotation can help to minimize
Land use - Carefully planned crop rotation can help to minimize
Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or
Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or
Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or
Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or
Famine
Famine
Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food,caused by several factors
Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food,caused by several factors
The famine relief model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, as is often required by law (for example U.S. law requires that food aid money be spent on food grown in the U.S.), as it wastes money on transport costs,but more importantly, it perpetuates the cycle of dependency on foreign imports rather than helping to create real local stability through agricultural abundance. Emergency measures in relieving famine include providing high calorie ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), through fortified sachets of peanut-based paste such as Plumpy'nut that are given primarily to children.
Long-term measures include investment in modern agriculture techniques, such as fertilizers and irrigation, which largely eradicated hunger in the developed world.World Bank strictures restrict government subsidies for farmers, and increasing use of fertilizers is opposed by some environmental groups because of its unintended consequences: adverse effects on water supplies and habitat
Causes
Definitions of famines are based on three different categories – these
Causes
Definitions of famines are based on three different categories – these
Blix – Widespread food shortage leading to significant rise in regional death rates.
Brown and Eckholm – Sudden, sharp reduction in food supply resulting in widespread hunger.
Scrimshaw – Sudden collapse in level of food consumption of large numbers of people.
Ravallion – Unusually high mortality with unusually severe threat to food intake of some segments of a population.
Cuny – A set of conditions that occurs when large numbers of people in a region cannot obtain sufficient food, resulting in widespread, acute malnutrition.
Food shortages in a population are caused either by a lack of food or by difficulties in food distribution; it may be worsened by natural climate fluctuations and by extreme political conditions related to oppressive government or warfare. One of the proportionally largest historical famines was the Bengal Famine of 1770 in the lower Gangetic plain of East India Company ruled North East India. It began in 1770 due to severe extractive practices of the East India CompanyAn estimated ten million people died in the famine, roughly one in three people in the affected area.The deaths were greatly exacerbated by the fact that the East India Company raised land taxes by 10% at the height of the famine, in April 1770.
The conventional explanation until 1981 for the cause of famines was the Food availability decline (FAD) hypothesis. The assumption was that the central cause of all famines was a decline in food availability.However, FAD could not explain why only a certain section of the population such as the agricultural laborer was affected by famines while others were insulated from famines.Based on the studies of some recent famines, the decisive role of FAD has been questioned and it has been suggested that the causal mechanism for precipitating starvation includes many variables other than just decline of food availability. According to this view, famines are a result of entitlements, the theory being proposed is called the "failure of exchange entitlements" or FEE.A person may own various commodities that can be exchanged in a market economy for the other commodities he or she needs. The exchange can happen via trading or production or through a combination of the two. These entitlements are called trade-based or production-based entitlements. Per this proposed view, famines are precipitated due to a break down in the ability of the person to exchange his entitlements.An example of famines due to FEE is the inability of an agricultural laborer to exchange his primary entitlement, i.e., labor for rice when his employment became erratic or was completely eliminated.Some elements make a particular region more vulnerable to famine. These include:
Poverty
Inappropriate social infrastructure
A suppressive political regime
A weak or under-prepared government
History
During the 20th century, an estimated 70 million people died from
History
During the 20th century, an estimated 70 million people died from
Africa
An account from the First Intermediate Period states, "All of Upper
Africa
An account from the First Intermediate Period states, "All of Upper
According to John Iliffe, "Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great famine occurred on average every seventy years; accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys."
With famine reigning over Africa, corruption in governments and foreign aid started to become more prevalent. National governments have control over each of these to varying degrees, although their implementation varies regionally. On the other hand, donors and corporations sometimes build infrastructures and give loans such as the world banks and NATO, but the continued protection and aid depends on the governments and agencies. One common theme in foreign aid and how it is disrupted is a correlation between geography and food security along with class, ethnicity, gender and religion. Foreign aid tends to find its way into hands that don’t need it in corrupt governments, siphoning it away from the poor. Taking the aid away from the people that really need it slows the pace of development and progress ultimately undermines the welfare of citizens.
The First Documentation of weather in West-Central Africa occurs around the mid sixteenth-seventeenth centuries in areas such as Luanda Kongo, however, not much data was recorded on the issues of weather and disease except for a few notable documents. The only records obtained are of violence between Portuguese and Africans during the battle of mbilwa in 1665. In these documents the Portuguese wrote of African raids on Portuguese merchants solely for food, giving clear signs of famine. Additionally, Instances of Cannibalism by the African Jaga were also more prevalent during this time frame, indicating an extreme deprivation of a primary food source.
Italy
The harvest failures were devastating for the northern Italian economy. The
Italy
The harvest failures were devastating for the northern Italian economy. The
In northern Italy, a report of 1767 noted that there had been famine in 111 of the previous 316 years (i.e. the period 1451-1767) and only sixteen good harvests.
According to Stephen L. Dyson and Robert J. Rowland, "The Jesuits of Cagliari [in Sardinia] recorded years during the late 1500s "of such hunger and so sterile that the majority of the people could sustain life only with wild ferns and other weeds" ... During the terrible famine of 1680, some 80,000 persons, out of a total population of 250,000, are said to have died, and entire villages were devastated..."
Ireland
The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849, was caused in part
Ireland
The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849, was caused in part
The immediate effect was 1,000,000 dead and another 2,000,000 refugees fleeing to Britain, Australia and the United States.[124] After the famine passed, infertility caused by famine, diseases and emigration spurred by the landlord-run economy being so thoroughly undermined, caused the population to enter into a 100-year decline. It was not until the 1970s (half a century after most of Ireland became independent) that the population of Ireland, then at half of what it had been before the famine, began to rise again. This period of Irish population decline after the famine was at a time when the European population doubled and the English population increased fourfold. This left the country severely underpopulated. The population decline continued in parts of the country worst affected by the famine (the west coast) until the 1990s - 150 years after the famine. Before the Hunger, Ireland's population was over half of England's. Today it is less than 10%. The population of Ireland is 5 million but there are over 80 million more people of Irish descent outside of Ireland. That is sixteen times the population of Ireland.
Famine Memorial in Dublin
Famine Memorial in Dublin
Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Droughts and famines
Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Droughts and famines