Independent work of students of English Prepared by:, 09-022 OM Checked by: Totanova Nazgul

Август 24, 2022

Главная
Английский язык
Independent work of students of English Prepared by:, 09-022 OM Checked by: Totanova Nazgul

Содержание

2. Skeletal System - Functions Support & shape to body Protection of internal organs Movement in union
3. The Skeletal System Know the Skeletal Anatomy Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Surface Anatomy of the bone
4. Human Skeleton 206 Bones Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular
5. Axial Skeleton (80) Skull Ossicles of the middle ear Hyoid bone Thorax or chest Vertebral column
6. Appendicular Skeleton (126) Upper Extremity (64) Shoulder Girdle Arms Hands Lower Extremity (62) Pelvic Girdle Legs
7. Types of Bone Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones
8. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25
9. The skull 8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases
11. Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
13. Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused) 1 coccyx (4
15. Types of Vertebrae Cevical (7) Atlas Axis Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)
16. Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head Cervical Vertebrae
17. long spinous processes rib facets Thoracic Vertebrae
18. large bodies thick, short spinous processes Lumbar Vertebrae
19. Bone Cells Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found
21. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Skeletal System - Functions
Support & shape to body
Protection of internal organs
Movement

in union with muscles
Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids
Blood cell production

Слайд 3

The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal Anatomy
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Surface Anatomy of the

bone
By x-ray or diagram
Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments
Including range of motion

Слайд 4

Human Skeleton
206 Bones
Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs,

sternum, hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles
Half of bones in hands & feet

Слайд 5

Axial Skeleton (80)
Skull
Ossicles of the middle ear
Hyoid bone
Thorax or

chest
Vertebral column

Слайд 6

Appendicular Skeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)
Shoulder Girdle
Arms
Hands
Lower Extremity (62)
Pelvic Girdle
Legs
Feet

Слайд 7

Types of Bone
Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft

& 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella)
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones)
Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella)
Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)
Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

Слайд 8

22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral

column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all

Слайд 9

The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones,
1

mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses

Слайд 10

Слайд 11

Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are

directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

Слайд 12

Слайд 13

Vertebral column
7 cervial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1

sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

Слайд 14

Слайд 15

Types of Vertebrae
Cevical (7)
Atlas
Axis
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

Слайд 16

Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd; dens pivots

to turn head

Cervical Vertebrae

Слайд 17

long spinous
processes
rib facets
Thoracic Vertebrae

Слайд 18

large bodies
thick, short spinous
processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

Слайд 19

Bone Cells
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized

ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood.
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling
Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone