James Cook (1728-1779) The English explorer, navigator, and cartographer James Cook is famous for his voyages in the Pacific Ocean and his accurate mapping of it, as well as for his application of scientific methods to exploration.

Marton, England. His father was a farm worker who allowed James to apprentice on coal carrying boats at the age of eighteen.
While working in the North Sea, Cook spent his free time learning math and navigation, all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.
In 1755 he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, as Britain was re-arming for the Seven Years' War. Cook realized his career would advance more quickly in military service.

Apprentice
1. подмастерье, ученик (в ремесле)
2. отдавать в учение (ремеслу)
3. быть учеником, подмастерьем
Apprentceship
обучение, учение, ученичество (ремеслу)

Venus as it passed between the Earth and the Sun.
Precise measurements of this event were needed worldwide in order to calculate a distance between the Earth and the Sun.
During this expedition, he sailed from Plymouth, England, to Brazil, around Cape Horn (the southern tip of South America), and to Tahiti, where he stayed for months in order to observe the transit of Venus .
Then he mapped New Zealand and the east coast of Australia (known as New Holland at the time).

In October, 1770 Cook reached Batavia, Java, where about 30 members of the crew died from malaria (a disease carried by mosquitos).
On July 13, 1771, the Endeavor returned to England after a journey of almost three years.

The First Voyage (1768–1771)

– New Zealand - Batavia - Plymouth

военный корабль endeavour [ɪn'devə]- попытка, старание; стремление
replica ['replɪkə]- точная копия

had a new mission to find the unknown southern land.

Cook's two ships on this voyage were the Resolution and the Adventure. Again, many scientists accompanied him on the trip.

of the day, including a Gregory Azimuth Compass, ice anchors and the latest apparatus for distilling fresh water from sea water.
Cook took on fruit and meat at Cape Town, began to see icebergs in December and, on the 17th January, 1773 the 'Resolution' was the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle. They came near to discovering Antarctica but turned north-east then east to New Zealand.

ancient Latin

Northwest Passage between Alaska and Asia. He sailed from England on July 12, 1776, on the Resolution.
On January 18, 1778 Captain Cook and his crew were surprised to find the Hawaiian islands. He named them the "Sandwich Islands“ (for the Earl of Sandwich, one of Cook's patrons, now called Hawaii).
After a short time Cook's ships left, but were forced to return because the Resolution needed some repairs. At first Cook was treated as a god by the islanders but this time the mood had changed.
Cook was stabbed on 14 February 1779 when he was trying to make the natives return a stolen sailboat. The ship returned to England without Cook on October 4, 1780.

important role in the history of the Royal Navy from 1744 to 1782, which included the American War of Independence and the discovery of Australia and islands of the Pacific Ocean.
He supported Captain Cook's exploratory voyages and, in return, Cook named the Sandwich Islands for him (now Hawaii).
The sandwich was named after him in 1762 when he spent 24 hours at a gaming table without other food.

children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1781), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793).
When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London East End of London

A statue of James Cook in Greenwich, London, England

shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.

settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America.

Harbour view

the Redeemer, one of the new seven wonders of the world, which overlooks the city from the top of Corcovado Mountain.

redeemer [rɪ'diːmə]- спаситель

судно) hazardous ['hæzədəs]-опасный, рискованный notorious [nəu'tɔːrɪəs]- печально известный; owing to - из-за, вследствие, благодаря, по причине

It is widely considered to be the southern tip of South America. For many years it was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. However, the waters around the cape are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

a waterfall, sir, and wind is not the name for what blows in your face, it's something made of iron, swings at you from the west, never changing day in and day out,
with seas as high as the neigh-mast. We had life-lines rigged everywhere, sir, and there were still sixteen men washed overboard. Cold, three men froze in the yards, frozen stiff, sir. Couldn't get them down without cutting their fingers loose from the shrouds. I was lucky...

cork [kɔːk]- пробка, поплавок mast - мачта
rig - оснащать; оборудовать line - верёвка
stiff - одеревенелый; разг. до изнеможения
shrouds- канаты, поддерживающие мачты

Cape Horn
Ships of the line, ships of the morn
Some who wish they'd never been born
They are the ghosts of Cape Horn
Fal deral da riddle de rum
With a rim dim diddy
And a rum dum dum
Sailing away at the break of morn
They are the ghosts of Cape Horn
See them all in sad repair
Demons dance everywhere
Southern gales, tattered sails
And none to tell the tales

Come all of you rustic old sea dogs
Who follow the great Southern Cross
You we're rounding the Horn
In the eye of a storm
When ya lost 'er one day
And you read all yer letters
From oceans away
Then you took them to the bottom of the sea
*
Come all you old sea dogs from Devon
Southampton, Penzance, and Kinsale
You were caught by the chance
Of a sailor's last dance
It was not meant to be
And ya read all yer letters
Cried anchor aweigh
Then ya took them to the bottom of the sea
*

by Polynesians in the 14th century. Gaugin's best-known works were painted here.

history because, before the arrival of humans, less than 900 years ago, the country was completely free of mammals, except those that could swim or fly there. This meant that all the ecological niches occupied by mammals elsewhere were occupied by either insects or birds, leading to an unusually large number of flightless birds, including the Kiwi, the Moa, and the Kakapo.
Because of the lack of predators even the bats spend most of their time on the ground. There are also about 60 species of lizard, and four species of frog (all rare and endangered).
predator ['predətə]- хищник

sniffing out their favourite foods.
Kiwi have wings but they are very small which means kiwi are flightless.
Kiwi feathers are rough.
Kiwi have a very distinctive smell - some say that they smell like a forest mushroom. 
Kiwi defend themselves using their powerful legs and sharp claws to kick and scratch at anything attacking them. They are also fast runners which can help them get away from predators.
Female kiwis lay enormous eggs that can take up 20 percent of their body.
Parents don’t feed the chicks after they hatch because they are already able to find their own food.
During the day they sleep.

It was more than three meters tall and weighed about 250 kilograms.
Because moa couldn’t fly they were easy to catch, especially the chicks which dogs would have eaten. Scientists think that moa were eaten to extinction by 1500.

the only flightless parrot.
• the only nocturnal parrot.
nocturnal [nɔk'tɜːn(ə)l]-
активный в ночное время;
способный видеть в темноте

Facts:
- The kakapo does not fly but is a good
Climber and uses its wings for balancing.
- The kakapo lives to a mighty age for a bird,
getting to over 60 years old.
- Kakapo feathers are very soft.
- The kakapo is a good colour for hiding, but
enemies can often find them because of their
strong smell.
- Kakapo are strict vegetarians.
- Unfortunately, the kakapo was very yummy,
and settlers used to eat it.
- There are only 120 kakapo in the world – and
they all have names. Some of them are funny
names like Sinbad, Nora and Richard Henry.

capital city of Indonesia. During the Dutch colonial era, it was called Batavia.

Jakarta [ʤə'kɑːtə]- Джакарта(столица Индонезии)
java ['ʤɑːvə]-о. Ява
Indonesia [ˌɪndəu'niːʒə], [-'niːzɪə] - Индонезия

about 150 islands, some 36 of which are inhabited.
Long inhabited by Polynesians, the islands were sighted by the Dutch in 1616 and visited by the British navigator Capt. James Cook in the late 1700s.
It became a British protectorate in 1900 and gained independence as a constitutional monarchy in 1970.
Nuku'alofa is the capital and the largest city. Population: 117,000.
comprise [kəm'praɪz]- включать;
inhabited [ɪn'hæbɪtɪd]-заселённый
Nukualofa [ˌnuːkuːə'lɔːfə]-Нукуалофа

most visited city. The most striking and famous of its sights is Table Mountain, frequently shrouded by clouds, and rearing up from the middle of the city.
shroud - покрывать
rear up - возвышаться

cultures surprisingly blend with modern life to create one of the most cosmopolitan and friendly nations on earth.