Parts of speech

Июль 30, 2022

Содержание

2. PLAN 1. The notion of parts of speech and the criteria for their discrimination. 2. The
3. 1. The notion of parts of speech Study the following words and try to classify them.
4. 1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination
5. 1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination SEMANTIC The categorial (lexico-grammatical) meaning of the part of
6. 1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination FORMAL A) Specific forms of derivation. Some typical stem-building
7. ATTENTION! Compare the following paradigms: Conclusion: NOT ALL the lexemes of apart pf speech have the
8. 1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination FUNCTIONAL A) Typical combinability. Left-hand and right-hand connections. (Combinability
9. 1. The notion of parts of speech
10. 1. The notion of parts of speech FEATURES of the functional parts of speech They have
11. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the noun :
12. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the adjective: 1)
13. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the numeral: 1)
14. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the pronoun: 1)
15. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the verb: 1)
16. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the adverb: 1)
17. 3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The article expresses the specific limitation
18. 3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The particle unites the functional words
19. 3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The modal word, occupying in the
20. 4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. Each part of speech is further subdivided into subclasses
21. 4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. NOUN subclasses: Proper – common Example: Mary – person
22. 4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. VERB subclasses: Finite – non-finite (fully predicative – partially
23. 4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. ADJECTIVE subclasses: Qualitative – relative Example: long, comfortable –
24. 5. Parts of speech migration. The stems of two or more lexemes may belong to different
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Слайд 2

PLAN
1. The notion of parts of speech and the criteria for

their discrimination.
2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics.
4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.
5. Parts of speech migration.

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1. The notion of parts of speech
Study the following words

and try to classify them. Argue the basis of your classification.
Book, swim, beautiful, girl, one, classify, third, nicely, in, tables, write, came, under.
Parts of speech are grammatically relevant classes of words (or lexemes) obtaining more or less common features.

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1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination

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1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination
SEMANTIC
The categorial (lexico-grammatical) meaning of

the part of speech.
It means the generalized meaning characteristic to all the words in a given part of speech.
Example:
Noun - substance, thingness.
Verb - action, process, etc.

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1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination
FORMAL
A) Specific forms of derivation.

Some typical stem-building and lexico- grammatical affixes.
Examples:
Noun affixes: -tion, -ship, -dom, -ism, etc.
B) Morphological grammar categories. Thus, the paradigm of a word shows to what part of speech it belongs.
Examples:
Noun - case, number.
Verb - tense, aspect, voice, person, etc.

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ATTENTION!
Compare the following paradigms:
Conclusion: NOT ALL the lexemes of apart pf

speech have the same paradigm

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1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination
FUNCTIONAL
A) Typical combinability. Left-hand and

right-hand connections. (Combinability is the power of a class of words to form combinations of definite patterns with words of certain classes irrespective of their lexical or grammatical meanings)
Art+Noun (a/the book); Prep +Noun (to/from/at school);
B) Syntactical functions in the sentence.
Examples:
Noun – Subject, Predicative, Object…
Verb - Predicate

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1. The notion of parts of speech

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1. The notion of parts of speech
FEATURES of the functional parts

of speech
They have very general and comparatively weak lexical meanings.
They obtain obligatory unilateral (articles, particles) or bilateral combinability (prepositions, conjunctions).
They have the functions of linking (prepositions, conjunctions) or specifying (articles, particles) words.

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the noun : 1) the categorial meaning of substance ("thingness"); 2) the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffixal forms of derivation (prefixes in English do not discriminate parts of speech as such); 3) the substantive functions in the sentence (subject, object, substantival predicative); prepositional connections; modification by an adjective.

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and relative); 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison (for qualitative adjectives); the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) adjectival functions in the sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative).

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of number (cardinal and ordinal); 2) the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals; 3) the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive.

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the pronoun: 1) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis); 2) the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building; 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets.

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process); 2) the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms; 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; the mixed verbal — other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb.

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2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.
The features

of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, i.e. the property of process or another property; 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers.

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3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics
The article

expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions.
The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependences of substantive referents.
The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena.
The interjection, occupying a detached position in the sentence, is a signal of emotions.

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3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics
The particle

unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. To this series, alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional modifiers of verbs, etc.

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3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics
The modal

word, occupying in the sentence a detached position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.), and also of affirmation and negation.

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4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.
Each part of speech is

further subdivided into subclasses on the basis of semantico-functional or formal features.

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4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.
NOUN subclasses:
Proper – common
Example:

Mary – person
Animate – inanimate
Example: Lion – field
Concrete – abstract
Example: coin - honesty
Countable – uncountable
Example: notebook - news

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4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.
VERB subclasses:
Finite – non-finite (fully

predicative – partially predicative)
Example: goes – to go, going, gone
Transitive – intransitive
Example: put, take – live, ache
Actional – statal
Example: play, ride – exist, suffer
Regular– irregular
Example: work – go, put

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4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.
ADJECTIVE subclasses:
Qualitative – relative
Example:

long, comfortable – deaf, wooden
Factive – evaluative
Example: tall, mental – kind, brave

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5. Parts of speech migration.
The stems of two or more lexemes

may belong to different parts of speech. Such words are called polyfunctional.
Examples: love – to love, doctor – to doctor, man – to man, home (n) – home (adv.)
This is a result of words migration. The lexemes have different paradigms:
Examples: doctor – doctors – doctor’s – doctors’ and to doctor, doctored, doctoring, etc.

Parts of speech

Содержание

PLAN1. The notion of parts of speech and the criteria for

1. The notion of parts of speech Study the following words

1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination

1. Criteria for parts of speech discriminationSEMANTICThe categorial (lexico-grammatical) meaning of

1. Criteria for parts of speech discriminationFORMALA) Specific forms of derivation.

ATTENTION!Compare the following paradigms:Conclusion: NOT ALL the lexemes of apart pf

1. Criteria for parts of speech discriminationFUNCTIONALA) Typical combinability. Left-hand and

1. The notion of parts of speech

1. The notion of parts of speechFEATURES of the functional parts

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.The features

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.The features

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.The features

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.The features

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics.The features

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristicsThe article

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristicsThe particle

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristicsThe modal

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.Each part of speech is

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.NOUN subclasses:Proper – common Example:

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.VERB subclasses:Finite – non-finite (fully

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.ADJECTIVE subclasses:Qualitative – relative Example:

5. Parts of speech migration. The stems of two or more lexemes

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