Polysemy. Semantic Structure of the Word and Semantic Change. Lecture 7

Август 21, 2022

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Polysemy. Semantic Structure of the Word and Semantic Change. Lecture 7

Содержание

2. FIRE I Flame II III IV V Destructive Burning smth The shooting Strong feeling Burning in
3. Types of semantic components Leading component – denotative component (expresses the conceptual content of a word)
4. denotative component + connotative component Lonely alone, without company + sad (emotive connotation) To glare to
5. Semantic Change development of a new meaning change of meaning Causes of Semantic Change linguistic factor
6. Changes in Denotational Meaning restriction of meanings (narrowing) – restriction of the types or referents denoted
7. Changes in Denotational Meaning specialization - the word with a new meaning (restricted) comes to be
8. Changes in Connotational Meaning pejoration (degradation) – acquiring some negative derogatory emotive charge . OE “boor”-
9. Polysemy The ability of words to have more than one meaning is described as polysemy A
10. BRIGHT Bright colour (dress, flower) intensive in colour Bright metal (gold, silver) shining Bright student (boy)
11. V.V. Vinogradov Meaning and Usage Meanings are fixed and common for all people Usage is a
12. Diachronic Approach to Polysemy primary meaning – the first meaning with which the word appeared in
13. Heart The organ that pumps blood He has a weak heart. The important / central issue
14. Smart He is really smart, he is at the top of the class. Intelligent, able to
15. Nature of semantic change similarity of meanings (METAPHOR) contiguity of meanings (METONYMY)
16. Similarity of Meanings- METAPHOR appearance of a new meaning as a result of associating two objects
17. Metaphor similarity of shape EX head of a cabbage, teeth of a saw, bottleneck similarity of
18. Contiguity of Meanings - Metonymy association of two referents one of which makes part of the
19. Types of Metonymy the material of which an object is made may become the name of
20. Types of Metonymy names of inventors often denote things they invented EX watt, om geographical names
21. Secondary Ways of Semantic Changes hyperbole irony euphemism taboo litotes
22. Hyperbole the exaggerated statement which should not be understood literally as it expresses an emotional attitude
23. Irony the expression of one meaning by words of opposite sense, usually it is done for
24. Euphemism referring to something unpleasant by using milder words and phrases so that a formerly inoffensive
25. Taboo the case when it is prohibited to pronounce a word and it is replaced by
26. Litotes expressing the affirmative by the negative of its contrary EX. not bad = good not
27. PRACTICE Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change Example: Glass (a transparent solid
28. 1. Jean Jeans 2.The wing of a bird the wing of a building 3.The foot of
29. 1. Jean Jeans (Heavy cotton cloth) (Trousers made of denim) metonymy 2.The wing of a bird
30. Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes of denotational aspect of the
31. Girl “A small child of either sex” “A small child of female sex” Camp “A place
32. Girl “A small child of either sex” “A small child of female sex” Restriction of meaning---specialization
33. Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes of connotational aspect of the
34. Knight ‘man servant” “noble man” Cunning “possessing erudition or skill” “clever at deceiving” Fond “foolish, infatuated
35. Knight ‘man servant” “noble man” Amelioration Cunning “possessing erudition or skill” “clever at deceiving” Deterioration Fond
36. Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the semantic structure of the word
37. Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the semantic structure of the word
39. Скачать презентацию

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FIRE
I
Flame
II III IV V
Destructive Burning smth The

shooting Strong feeling
Burning in a fire of guns passion
Forest fire Camp fire To open fire Speech lacking fire
I main meaning
II-V secondary meanings

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Types of semantic components
Leading component – denotative component
(expresses the conceptual content

of a word)
Additional component- connotative component
(gives more full picture of the meaning of a word)

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denotative component + connotative component
Lonely alone, without company

+ sad (emotive
connotation)
To glare to look
(connotation of
+ lastingly duration)
+ with anger (emotive)

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Semantic Change
development of a new meaning
change of meaning
Causes of Semantic Change
linguistic

factor
extra-linguistic (historical) factors

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Changes in Denotational Meaning
restriction of
meanings
(narrowing) –
restriction of the

types or referents
denoted by the word
OE “hound” – a dog of any greed
Mo E “hound” – a dog used in chase

extension of meanings (widening) –
application of the
word to wider variety
of referents
OE “trunk” – the main stem of a tree
Mo E “trunk” – the body of anything

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Changes in Denotational Meaning
specialization - the
word with a new
meaning

(restricted)
comes to be used in the
specialized vocabulary
OE glide -“to move gently and smoothly”
Mo E “glide” -to fly with no engine

generalization – the
word with the extended
meaning passes from the
specialized vocabulary
into common use
OE “salary” – money given to soldiers to buy salt with
Mo E “salary” – money paid to clerks

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Changes in Connotational Meaning
pejoration (degradation)
– acquiring some negative derogatory emotive

charge
. OE “boor”- a villager, a peasant
Mo E “boor” – a clumsy or ill-bred fellow

amelioration (elevation) – improvement of the connotational component
OE “minister” – a servant, an attendant
Mo E “minister” – a civil servant of higher rank

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Polysemy
The ability of words to have more than one meaning is

described as polysemy
A word having several meanings is called
polysemantic
Words having only one meaning are called
monosemantic
(mainly scientific terms)

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BRIGHT
Bright colour (dress, flower)
intensive in colour
Bright metal (gold, silver)

shining
Bright student (boy)
capable
Bright face (smile, eyes)
happy

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V.V. Vinogradov
Meaning and Usage
Meanings are fixed and common for

all people
Usage is a possible application of one of the meanings of a polysemantic word
Meaning is not identical with usage

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Diachronic Approach to Polysemy
primary meaning – the first meaning with which

the word appeared in the language
secondary meaning – could appear only after the primary meaning
derived meaning – could not have appeared before primary meaning was in existence and is dependent on it

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Heart
The organ that pumps blood
He has a weak heart.
The important /

central issue
The heart of the matter
Kindness
She has a kind heart and helps people
One’s deepest feelings
He knew in his heart that he was wrong

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Smart
He is really smart, he is at the top of

the class.
Intelligent, able to think well
The child made a smart remark to his father and was sent to bed immediately.
Rude
He wore a smart suit and new leather shoes.
fashionable, neat

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Nature of semantic change
similarity of meanings
(METAPHOR)
contiguity of meanings
(METONYMY)

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Similarity of Meanings- METAPHOR
appearance of a new meaning as a result

of associating two objects (phenomena, qualities, etc.) due to their resemblance

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Metaphor
similarity of shape
EX head of a cabbage, teeth of

a saw, bottleneck
similarity of position
EX foot of a page (of a mountain)
similarity of function, behavior
EX a bookworm, a (minute) hand
similarity of colour
EX orange, hazel, chesnut
complex similarity
EX a leg of a table – similarity in shape, position, function

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Contiguity of Meanings - Metonymy
association of two referents one of

which makes part of the other or is closely connected with it

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Types of Metonymy
the material of which an object is made may

become the
name of the object
EX an iron, a mink (“mink coat”)
the name of the place may become the name of the
people or of an object placed there
EX the city was exited, the White House (US administration)
names of musical instruments may become names of
musicians when they are united in an orchestra
EX the violin, the piano

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Types of Metonymy
names of inventors often denote things they invented
EX

watt, om
geographical names may be used for things produced there
EX china (porcelain), holland (linen fabrics)
the name of a painter is used for his masterpieces .
EX a Matisse (a painting by Matisse)
the name of some person may become a common noun
sandwich (Lord Sandwich), boycott (the Boycotts)

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Secondary Ways of Semantic Changes
hyperbole
irony
euphemism
taboo
litotes

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Hyperbole
the exaggerated statement which should not be understood literally as it

expresses an emotional attitude of a speaker to what he is speaking about
EX I haven’t seen you for ages
It’ll be the death for me

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Irony
the expression of one meaning by words of opposite sense, usually

it is done for the purpose of ridicule
EX How nice! (when you are angry)
A pretty mess you’ve done of it!

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Euphemism
referring to something unpleasant by using milder words and phrases so

that a formerly inoffensive word receives a disagreeable meaning
EX. to pass away = to die

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Taboo
the case when it is prohibited to pronounce a word and

it is replaced by another word or a word-combination
EX nigger- Afro American

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Litotes
expressing the affirmative by the negative of its contrary
EX. not bad

= good
not small = great

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PRACTICE
Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change
Example: Glass

(a transparent solid substance used for making windows)
(a container for drinking made of glass) metonymy

Слайд 28

1. Jean Jeans
2.The wing of a bird the wing of

a building
3.The foot of a person the foot of a mountain
4.Copper copper

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1. Jean Jeans
(Heavy cotton cloth) (Trousers made of denim)

metonymy
2.The wing of a bird the wing of a building
metaphor
3.The foot of a person the foot of a mountain
metaphor
4.Copper copper
(metal) (coin)
metonymy

Слайд 30

Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes

of denotational aspect of the meaning

Loan
1.A gift from a superior
2.A sum of money which is borrowed and has to
be paid back
Restriction of meaning ----specialization

Слайд 31

Girl
“A small child of either sex”
“A small child of female

sex”
Camp
“A place where troops are lodged in tents”
“A place where people live in tents or huts”
Room
‘Space”
“A part of division of a building”

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Girl
“A small child of either sex”
“A small child of female

sex”
Restriction of meaning---specialization
Camp
“A place where troops are lodged in tents”
“A place where people live in tents or huts”
Extension of meaning-----generalization
Room
‘Space”
“A part of division of a building”
Restriction of meaning---specialization

Слайд 33

Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes

of connotational aspect of the meaning

Example:
Villian
1.”a feudal serf”
2. ‘a person guilty or capable of a crime”
The word acquired a derogatory emotive charge-----deterioration of meaning

Слайд 34

Knight
‘man servant”
“noble man”
Cunning
“possessing erudition or skill”
“clever at deceiving”
Fond
“foolish, infatuated (лишившийся

рассудка)”
“loving, affectionate”

Слайд 35

Knight
‘man servant”
“noble man”
Amelioration
Cunning
“possessing erudition or skill”
“clever at deceiving”
Deterioration
Fond
“foolish, infatuated

(лишившийся рассудка)”
“loving, affectionate”
Amelioration

Слайд 36

Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the

semantic structure of the word

The book tries to give simple explanations of scientific ideas.
Sally likes clothes that are simple but elegant.
The simple fact is that he wants a divorce.
(
Archeologists found several simple tools at the site.
I’m just a simple farmer.
You may be joking but she is simple enough to believe you.
I’m afraid old Jack is a bit simple.

Слайд 37

Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the

semantic structure of the word

The book tries to give simple explanations of scientific ideas.
(easy to understand)
Sally likes clothes that are simple but elegant.
(plain without decoration)
The simple fact is that he wants a divorce.
(not complicated by anything else)
Archeologists found several simple tools at the site.
(with only one or two parts)
I’m just a simple farmer.
(ordinary)
You may be joking but she is simple enough to believe you.
(easily tricked)
I’m afraid old Jack is a bit simple.
(weak-minded)

Polysemy. Semantic Structure of the Word and Semantic Change. Lecture 7

Содержание

FIRE I FlameII III IV VDestructive Burning smth The

Types of semantic componentsLeading component – denotative component(expresses the conceptual content

denotative component + connotative componentLonely alone, without company

Semantic Changedevelopment of a new meaningchange of meaningCauses of Semantic Changelinguistic

Changes in Denotational Meaningrestriction of meanings (narrowing) – restriction of the

Changes in Denotational Meaningspecialization - the word with a new meaning

Changes in Connotational Meaningpejoration (degradation) – acquiring some negative derogatory emotive

PolysemyThe ability of words to have more than one meaning is

BRIGHTBright colour (dress, flower) intensive in colourBright metal (gold, silver)

V.V. Vinogradov Meaning and UsageMeanings are fixed and common for

Diachronic Approach to Polysemyprimary meaning – the first meaning with which

HeartThe organ that pumps bloodHe has a weak heart.The important /

Smart He is really smart, he is at the top of

Nature of semantic changesimilarity of meanings (METAPHOR)contiguity of meanings (METONYMY)

Similarity of Meanings- METAPHOR appearance of a new meaning as a result

Metaphorsimilarity of shape EX head of a cabbage, teeth of

Contiguity of Meanings - Metonymy association of two referents one of

Types of Metonymythe material of which an object is made may

Types of Metonymynames of inventors often denote things they invented EX

Secondary Ways of Semantic Changeshyperboleironyeuphemismtaboolitotes

Hyperbolethe exaggerated statement which should not be understood literally as it

Ironythe expression of one meaning by words of opposite sense, usually

Euphemismreferring to something unpleasant by using milder words and phrases so

Taboothe case when it is prohibited to pronounce a word and

Litotesexpressing the affirmative by the negative of its contraryEX. not bad

PRACTICEDefine the kind of association involved in the semantic changeExample: Glass

1. Jean Jeans2.The wing of a bird the wing of

1. Jean Jeans(Heavy cotton cloth) (Trousers made of denim)

Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes

Girl“A small child of either sex”“A small child of female

Girl“A small child of either sex”“A small child of female

Analyze the meaning of the words. Identify the result of changes

Knight‘man servant”“noble man”Cunning“possessing erudition or skill”“clever at deceiving”Fond“foolish, infatuated (лишившийся

Knight‘man servant”“noble man”AmeliorationCunning“possessing erudition or skill”“clever at deceiving”Deterioration Fond“foolish, infatuated

Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the

Read the sentences and give all the lexico-semantic variants consulting the

Похожие презентации

FIRE
I
Flame
II III IV V
Destructive Burning smth The

Types of semantic components
Leading component – denotative component
(expresses the conceptual content

denotative component + connotative component
Lonely alone, without company

Semantic Change
development of a new meaning
change of meaning
Causes of Semantic Change
linguistic

Changes in Denotational Meaning
restriction of
meanings
(narrowing) –
restriction of the

Changes in Denotational Meaning
specialization - the
word with a new
meaning

Changes in Connotational Meaning
pejoration (degradation)
– acquiring some negative derogatory emotive

Polysemy
The ability of words to have more than one meaning is

BRIGHT
Bright colour (dress, flower)
intensive in colour
Bright metal (gold, silver)

V.V. Vinogradov
Meaning and Usage
Meanings are fixed and common for

Diachronic Approach to Polysemy
primary meaning – the first meaning with which

Heart
The organ that pumps blood
He has a weak heart.
The important /

Smart
He is really smart, he is at the top of

Nature of semantic change
similarity of meanings
(METAPHOR)
contiguity of meanings
(METONYMY)

Similarity of Meanings- METAPHOR
appearance of a new meaning as a result

Metaphor
similarity of shape
EX head of a cabbage, teeth of

Contiguity of Meanings - Metonymy
association of two referents one of

Types of Metonymy
the material of which an object is made may

Types of Metonymy
names of inventors often denote things they invented
EX

Secondary Ways of Semantic Changes
hyperbole
irony
euphemism
taboo
litotes

Hyperbole
the exaggerated statement which should not be understood literally as it

Irony
the expression of one meaning by words of opposite sense, usually

Euphemism
referring to something unpleasant by using milder words and phrases so

Taboo
the case when it is prohibited to pronounce a word and

Litotes
expressing the affirmative by the negative of its contrary
EX. not bad

PRACTICE
Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change
Example: Glass

1. Jean Jeans
2.The wing of a bird the wing of

1. Jean Jeans
(Heavy cotton cloth) (Trousers made of denim)

Girl
“A small child of either sex”
“A small child of female

Girl
“A small child of either sex”
“A small child of female

Knight
‘man servant”
“noble man”
Cunning
“possessing erudition or skill”
“clever at deceiving”
Fond
“foolish, infatuated (лишившийся

Knight
‘man servant”
“noble man”
Amelioration
Cunning
“possessing erudition or skill”
“clever at deceiving”
Deterioration
Fond
“foolish, infatuated