Sentence as the main unit of syntax

Июль 26, 2022

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Sentence as the main unit of syntax

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2. 5. Compound sentences.
3. compound sentence = a polypredicative construction built on the principle of coordination. ? the clauses have
4. Coordination, can be expressed asyndetically (by the zero coordinator), e.g.: The quarrel was over, the friendship
5. Sentences with more than two sequential clauses can be: “open” – clauses can be added (e.g.
6. 6. Сomplex sentence
7. The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built on the principle of subordination.
8. 2 or more clauses: the principal clause subordinate clauses is put in the one of the
9. Types of subordinate clauses 1. Clauses of primary nominal positions, include subject, predicative and object clauses,
10. 2. Clauses of secondary nominal positions -various attributive clauses: cf.: I know a man who can
11. 3. Clauses of adverbial positions - the most numerous and the most complicated group Types: of
12. e.g.: As far as I remember, the man was very much surprised to see me there;
13. Clauses are joined by subordinating connectors: 1) pronominal words - occupy a notional position in the
14. 4) bifunctional connectors - can be used both as conjunctions and as conjunctive substitutes, cf.: She
15. Subordinate clauses may have 1) parallel subordination -subordinate clauses immediately referring to one principal clause are
16. Parallel subordination may be: homogeneous the subordinate clauses perform similar functions and depend on one element
17. 2) consecutive subordination - one clause is subordinated to another in a string of clauses, e.g.:
18. 7. Semi-composite sentence
19. Semi-composite sentences = polypredicative constructions, in which one predicative line may be partially predicative = expresses
20. The sergeant gave a quick salute to me, and then he put his squad in motion.
21. in their syntactic structure, they are similar to simple sentences - contain only one fully predicative
22. Ways to express partial predication complex object I saw you take it. I saw you taking
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5. Compound sentences.

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compound sentence = a polypredicative construction built on the principle of

coordination.
? the clauses have syntactically equal rank.

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Coordination, can be expressed
asyndetically (by the zero coordinator), e.g.:

The quarrel was over, the friendship was resumed.
syndetically (by means of coordinative connectors)

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Sentences with more than two sequential clauses can be:
“open”

– clauses can be added (e.g. enumerations or descriptions): They were sitting on the beach, the seagulls were flying above, the waves were rolling...
“closed” - cannot be further expanded:
e.g.: He joked, he made faces, he jumped around, but the child did not smile.

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6. Сomplex sentence

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The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built on the

principle of subordination.

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2 or more clauses:
the principal clause
subordinate clauses is put

in the one of the notional positions in the principal clause
e.g.: The team arrived. + It caused a sensation.
? When the team arrived, it caused a sensation.

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Types of subordinate clauses
1. Clauses of primary nominal positions,
include subject,

predicative and object clauses,
cf.: What you see is what you get;
What you get is what you see;
You’ll be surprised at what you see.

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2. Clauses of secondary nominal positions -various attributive clauses:
cf.: I know

a man who can help us;
This is the man whom I met yesterday.

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3. Clauses of adverbial positions - the most numerous and the

most complicated group
Types:
of time and place;
of manner and comparison;
of different circumstantial semantics;
parenthetical enclosures

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e.g.: As far as I remember, the man was very much

surprised to see me there;
They used to be, and this is no longer a secret, very close friends.

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Clauses are joined by subordinating connectors:
1) pronominal words - occupy a

notional position in the derived sentence; e.g.: The man whom I met yesterday surprised me.
2) pure conjunctions - do not occupy a notional position in the derived sentence, e.g.: She said that she would come early.
3) fixed phrases - as soon as, as long as, so long as, notwithstanding that, in order that, according as, etc.

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4) bifunctional connectors - can be used both as conjunctions and

as conjunctive substitutes,
cf.: She said that she would come early;
Where is the letter that came today?
5) the zero subordinator = its status is similar to the status of the subordinator that
cf.: She said that she would come early. – She said Ø she would come early;

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Subordinate clauses may have
1) parallel subordination -subordinate clauses immediately referring

to one principal clause are subordinated “in parallel’ or “co-subordinated”.

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Parallel subordination may be:
homogeneous
the subordinate clauses perform similar

functions and depend on one element in the principal clause
e.g.: He said that it was his business and that I’d better stay off it.
b) heterogeneous:
the subordinate clauses refer to different elements in the principal clause,
e.g.: The man whom I saw yesterday said that it was his business.

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2) consecutive subordination - one clause is subordinated to another in

a string of clauses,
e.g.: I don’t know why she said that she couldn’t come at the time that I suggested

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7. Semi-composite sentence

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Semi-composite sentences
= polypredicative constructions, in which one predicative line may

be partially predicative = expresses by a gerundial, participial or infinitival construction.
e.g.: I heard him singing in the backyard.
They are intermediary between the simple sentence and the composite sentence.

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The sergeant gave a quick salute to me, and then he

put his squad in motion.
2 successive events
? Giving a quick salute to me, the sergeant put his squad in motion.
one event dominates the other
? With a quick salute to me, the sergeant put his squad in motion.
a unity of events, one of them – only a background

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in their syntactic structure, they are similar to simple sentences -

contain only one fully predicative line;
in their semantic structure, they are similar to composite sentences - reflect two dynamic situations.

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Ways to express partial predication
complex object
I saw you take it.

I saw you taking it.
2) absolute constructions
I sent the papers in order for you to study them carefully.
Mike’s coming back was a total surprise to us.
The weather being fine, we decided to take a walk