Syllables and syllable structure

Июль 29, 2022

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Syllables and syllable structure

Содержание

2. Syllable as a phonetic and phonological unit Syllable formation theories Syllable Structure Types of syllables in
3. Phonetical and phonological aspects of syllable Phonetical level: the way we produce syllables - syllable is
4. SYLLABLE Can be analysed from acoustic, auditory, articulatory and functional points of view: 1) acoustically and
5. Syllable from a functional point of view a) a syllable is a chain of phonemes of
6. Syllable formation is based on the phonological opposition vowel – consonant. Vowels are usually syllabic, while
7. Syllable Structure
8. Examples: flounce free each Onset = /fl/ = /fr/ = zero Rhyme =/auns/ = /i:/ =
9. Answer: The onset of the word stretch is? a. s b. st c. str d. tch
10. The principles of syllable classification. Types of syllables. Syllabographs differ from phonetic syllables: Ex. phonetic syllables
11. Structural types
12. Placement of vowels and consonants
13. Closed syllables
14. Open syllables
15. Theories of Syllable The most ancient theory states that there are as many syllables in a
16. Sonority theory Low vowels (a:, ɔ..). High vowels (i:, i....) Semivowels (j, w) Liquids (1, r)
17. Theory of muscular tension
18. Types of consonants: Ex. initially strong consonants: it, us, oath, add; finally strong consonants: may, tea,
19. Types of consonants Ex. finally strong initially strong not a tall one not at all a
20. Rules of syllabification Phonetic syllable divisions must be such as to avoid (as far as possible)
21. Phonotactic constraints Phonotactic constraints in English: all three-consonant clusters at the beginning of a word start
22. English-specific restaints: splayed; strayed; scrape; spew; stewed; skewed; squish; squawk; squeal — CCCVC When the third
23. Syllable division rules in English 1. A syllable boundary coincides with a word boundary, and with
24. Syllabification in English 3. Maximum onset principle: where two syllables are to be divided, any consonants
25. Functions of the syllable Constitutive: within syllable the relations between the distinctive features of the phonemes
26. The recognitive or identificatory function facilitates identification of the syllables. It is conditioned by the pronunciation
27. Stress: Accentual structure of English
28. Stress: Accentual structure of English
29. Components of stress Pitch Length Loudness
30. Types of stress Dynamic stress: intensity of articulation (greater muscular energy). Musical (tonic) word stress: special
31. English word stress English word stress: a hierarchy of acoustic cues Perceptually most influential cue is
32. Placement of stress (position) Fixed stress: stress is limited to a particular syllable (French, Finnish, Czech,
33. Placement of stress (structural) Shifting stress: performs functions of differentiating lexical units, parts of speech, grammatical
34. Degree of stress Primary Secondary: eˌxamiˈnation, ˌorganiˈsation Tertiary: ˈsecreˌtary, ˈdictioˌnary. Mark the most prominent syllable in
35. Accentual variation Recessive tendency: e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow; e.g. reason, colour, restaurant; e.g. foresee, begin,
36. Typology of accentual structures 1. ['___] e.g. 'fafher, 'possibly, 'mother-in-law, 'gas-pipe. 2. [ '_ '_ ]
37. Functions of stress Constitutive function: word stress builds up a word by making one (or more)
38. Fulfill the tasks: 1) How does the meaning change with the change of word stress? Example:
39. Find the odd one in each row: 1. person permanent personal persuade 2. surgeon surprise surplus
41. Скачать презентацию

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Syllable as a phonetic and phonological unit
Syllable formation theories
Syllable Structure
Types of

syllables in English
Phonotactic constraints and Rules of Syllabification
Functions of syllables

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Phonetical and phonological aspects of syllable
Phonetical level: the way we produce

syllables
- syllable is a sound sequence, consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud; before and after this centre there will be greater obstruction to airflow and less loud sound.
Phonological level: the way phonemes are combined
- speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a commonly recognized subdivision of a word or the whole of a word.

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SYLLABLE
Can be analysed from acoustic, auditory, articulatory and functional points of

view:
1) acoustically and auditorily: force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length - prosodic features;
2) articulatory: syllabic formation and division;
3) functionally: constitutive, recognitive and
distinctive properties of a syllable.

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Syllable from a functional point of view
a) a syllable is a

chain of phonemes of varying length;
b) a syllable is constructed on the basis of contrast of its constituents;
c) the distribution of phonemes in the syllabic structure follows the rules which are specific enough for a particular language (phonotactics).

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Syllable formation is based on the phonological opposition vowel – consonant.

Vowels are usually syllabic, while consonants are not,
with the exception of the sonorants [l], [m], [n] which become syllabic if they occur in an unstressed final position preceded by a noise consonant.

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Syllable Structure

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Examples:
flounce
free
each
Onset = /fl/ = /fr/ = zero
Rhyme =/auns/ = /i:/

= /iːt͡ʃ/
Nucleus = /au/ = /i:/ = /i:/
Coda = /ns/ = zero = / t͡ʃ /
bottle, bottom, button, butter: second syllable [l], [m], [n] and [r].

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Answer:
The onset of the word stretch is?
a. s b. st c.

str d. tch
The nucleus of the word preach is?
a. pr b. ea c. rea d. each
The rhyme of the word fair is?
a. air b. fai c. fair d. ai

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The principles of syllable classification. Types of syllables.
Syllabographs differ from

phonetic syllables:
Ex. phonetic syllables syllabographs:
ranging [ræn-d3iŋ] rang-ing
maker [mei-kə] mak-er

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Structural types

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Placement of vowels and consonants

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Closed syllables

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Open syllables

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Theories of Syllable
The most ancient theory states that there are as

many syllables in a word as there are vowels.
expiratory, or chest pulse or pressure theory
the sonority (carrying power) theory / the prominence theory
muscular tension and three types of consonant theory
loudness theory

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Sonority theory
Low vowels (a:, ɔ..).
High vowels (i:, i....)
Semivowels (j, w)

Liquids (1, r)
Nasals (m, n, ŋ)
Fricatives (voiced) (v, z, ð)
Fricatives (voiceless) (f, θ, s)
Oral stops (voiced) (b, d, g)
Oral stops (voiceless) (p, t, k).

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Theory of muscular tension

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Types of consonants:
Ex. initially strong consonants: it, us, oath, add;

finally strong consonants: may, tea, new;
geminate (double) consonants: penknife, what time, midday.
Initially strong consonants follow short vowels. Finally strong consonants follow long vowels or diphthongs.
Acoustically, finally strong consonants produce the impression of ablend with a vowel which follows.

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Types of consonants
Ex. finally strong initially strong
not a tall

one not at all
a name an aim
“strong-end” (fnally strong)
“weak-end” (finally weak) consonants

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Rules of syllabification
Phonetic syllable divisions must be such as to avoid

(as far as possible) creating consonant clusters which are not found in words in isolation:
CANDLE ['kæn. dl] or ['kænd. l] but not ['kæ. ndl]

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Phonotactic constraints
Phonotactic constraints in English:
all three-consonant clusters at the beginning

of a word start with /s/ ('sprint', 'squire', 'stew' etc);
nasal consonants cannot occur as the second consonant in word-initial consonant clusters unless the first consonant is /s/ (e.g. there are no words in English than begin with /bm/, /dn/ etc)

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English-specific restaints:
splayed; strayed; scrape; spew; stewed; skewed; squish; squawk; squeal —

CCCVC
When the third consonant is /w/ then the first two must be /sk/: squish; squawk; squeal
Whilst /spr/ and /str/ are permitted syllable-initially, /spw/ and /stw/ are not permitted syllable-initially in English: strayed; scrape
The number of final consonants in an English rhyme can range from one to four. eg. /sɪk/ sick, /sɪks/ six, /siksθ/ sixth, /siksθs/ sixths

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Syllable division rules in English
1. A syllable boundary coincides with a

word boundary, and with the morphological boundary between elements in a compound:
displace [,dis 'pleis] CVC-CSVC become [bi 'к٨m] CV-CVS
countless ['kaunt ləs] CVSC-SVC hardware ['ha:d weə] CVC-SV
2. Consonants are syllabified with whichever of the two adjacent vowels is more strongly stressed, e.g. farmer ['fa:m - ə], agenda [ə ' - dzəndə].
If they are both unstressed, it goes with the leftward one: e.g.
cinema ['sin - əmə], delicious [di 'li∫əs], deliberate [di'lib ər ət].

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Syllabification in English
3. Maximum onset principle: where two syllables are to

be divided, any consonants between them should be attached to the right-hand syllable as far as possible: EXTRA [ek-strƏ]
4. The English diphthongs are unisyllabic, they make one vowel phoneme, while the so-called triphthongs are disyllabic, because they consist of a diphthong + the neutral vowel (schwa):
table science flower
CV-CS CV-VSC CSV-V
5. The English affricates [ʧ ], [ʤ] cannot be split: catching ['kæʧ -iŋ]

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Functions of the syllable
Constitutive: within syllable the relations between the distinctive

features of the phonemes are revealed.
Distinctive: differentiates words and word forms.
e.g. ['nai-treit] nitrate – ['nait-reit] night-rate
a) in the degree of aspiration of [t] which is greater in the first member of the opposition than in the second;
b) in the slightly devoiced articulation of [r] in the first member of the opposition under the influence of the initial [t];
c) in the length of the diphthong [ai] which is shorter in the second member of the opposition, because it is followed by a voiceless consonant.
Different position of the point of syllable division

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The recognitive or identificatory function facilitates identification of the syllables. It

is conditioned by the pronunciation of the speaker. The listener can understand the meaning of the utterance only if he perceives the correct syllabic boundary.
e.g. an aim — a name
mice kill — my skill
an ice house — a nice house
peace talks — pea stalks
plate rack — play track
I saw her eyes. — I saw her rise.
I saw the meat. — I saw them eat.

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Stress: Accentual structure of English

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Stress: Accentual structure of English

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Components of stress

Pitch
Length
Loudness

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Types of stress
Dynamic stress: intensity of articulation (greater muscular energy).
Musical

(tonic) word stress: special prominence of a stressed syllable through the change of pitch (musical tone).
Quantitative: length of stressed vowels is longer.
Qualitative: achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under the stress.
Russian vs English stress: quantiative component vs qualitative (obligatory reduction of unstressed vowels)
e.g. transport [ˈtræspɔ:t], museum [mju:ˈzi:əm],
hotel [hɜʊˈtel].

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English word stress
English word stress: a hierarchy of acoustic cues
Perceptually

most influential cue is (higher)
pitch, the second most important cue in the
hierarchy is (longer) duration, the third is
(greater) intensity and the last is segmental
(sound) quality.

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Placement of stress (position)
Fixed stress: stress is limited to a particular

syllable (French, Finnish, Czech, Polish)
Free stress (variable): no specific position in the word

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Placement of stress (structural)
Shifting stress: performs functions of differentiating lexical units,

parts of speech, grammatical forms
Permannent stress: always falls on a particular morphological unit
E.g.
(a) nation national nationalist nationalise
(b) nationality nationalistic nationalisation

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Degree of stress
Primary
Secondary: eˌxamiˈnation, ˌorganiˈsation
Tertiary: ˈsecreˌtary, ˈdictioˌnary.
Mark the most prominent

syllable in the following words:
market water button little
analyse equality antagonise indemnify

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Accentual variation
Recessive tendency: e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow; e.g. reason, colour,

restaurant; e.g. foresee, begin, withdraw, apart.
Rhythmical tendency: e.g. revolution, organi'sation, assimilation; e.g. 'cinema, 'situate, ar'ticulate; e.g. perso'nal — 'perso'nal — 'personal; , e.g. 'hospitable — ho'spitable, 'distribute — dis'tribute, 'aristocrat — a'ristocrat, 'laryngoscope — la'ryngoscope.
Retentive tendency: e.g. 'person – 'personal – perso'nality; e.g. .'person ~ 'personal - per'sonify.

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Typology of accentual structures
1. ['___] e.g. 'fafher, 'possibly, 'mother-in-law, 'gas-pipe.
2. [

'_ '_ ] e.g. 'radio-'active, 're'write, 'diso'bey.
3. [ '_' _ '_ ] and 4. ['_' _ '_ '_] e.g. 'U'S'A, 'U'S'S'R
5. ['_ ,___] e.g. 'hair-,dresser, 'substructure
6. [, _'___]
a) the prefix and the root: maga'zine; b) the root and the suffix: ,hospi'tality; c) the prefix and the suffix: disorganization.

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Functions of stress
Constitutive function: word stress builds up a word by

making one (or more) syllables more prominent than the others, it organizes the syllables of a word into a language unit.
Identificatory (or recognitive) function: the recurrent stress pattern of the word helps the listener to recognize (identify) it in the flow of speech.
Distinctive function: word stress is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms.

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Fulfill the tasks:
1) How does the meaning change with the change

of word stress?
Example: to susPECT (meaning: to have an opinion);
a SUSpect ( meaning: a person under suspicion);
to preSENT ( meaning: to give, to introduce);
a PREsent ( meaning: a gift).
to conflict, a conflict || to contest, a contest || to contract, a contract
to convert, a convert || to convict, a convict || to incline, an incline
to insult, an insult || to object, an object || to permit, a permit
to produce, a produce || to project, a project || to protest, a protest
to rebel, a rebel || to recall, a recall || to reject, a reject
to research, a research || to concert, a concert || to survey, a survey

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Find the odd one in each row:
1. person permanent personal persuade
2. surgeon surprise surplus surface

3. cylinder recycle bicycle mystery
4. ceremony compose calculate caravan
5. complete company comment comical
6. comedy command comfortable compass
7. commentary alert legal model
8. register regular request reference
9. famous curious suspicious numerous

Syllables and syllable structure

Содержание

Syllable as a phonetic and phonological unitSyllable formation theoriesSyllable StructureTypes of

Phonetical and phonological aspects of syllablePhonetical level: the way we produce

SYLLABLECan be analysed from acoustic, auditory, articulatory and functional points of

Syllable from a functional point of viewa) a syllable is a

Syllable formation is based on the phonological opposition vowel – consonant.

Syllable Structure

Examples:flouncefreeeach Onset = /fl/ = /fr/ = zeroRhyme =/auns/ = /i:/

Answer:The onset of the word stretch is?a. s b. st c.

The principles of syllable classification. Types of syllables. Syllabographs differ from

Structural types

Placement of vowels and consonants

Closed syllables

Open syllables

Theories of SyllableThe most ancient theory states that there are as

Sonority theoryLow vowels (a:, ɔ..).High vowels (i:, i....) Semivowels (j, w)

Theory of muscular tension

Types of consonants:Ex. initially strong consonants: it, us, oath, add;

Types of consonantsEx. finally strong initially strong not a tall

Rules of syllabificationPhonetic syllable divisions must be such as to avoid

Phonotactic constraintsPhonotactic constraints in English: all three-consonant clusters at the beginning

English-specific restaints:splayed; strayed; scrape; spew; stewed; skewed; squish; squawk; squeal —

Syllable division rules in English1. A syllable boundary coincides with a

Syllabification in English3. Maximum onset principle: where two syllables are to

Functions of the syllableConstitutive: within syllable the relations between the distinctive

The recognitive or identificatory function facilitates identification of the syllables. It

Stress: Accentual structure of English

Stress: Accentual structure of English

Components of stress PitchLengthLoudness

Types of stressDynamic stress: intensity of articulation (greater muscular energy). Musical

English word stressEnglish word stress: a hierarchy of acoustic cues Perceptually

Placement of stress (position)Fixed stress: stress is limited to a particular

Placement of stress (structural)Shifting stress: performs functions of differentiating lexical units,

Degree of stressPrimarySecondary: eˌxamiˈnation, ˌorganiˈsationTertiary: ˈsecreˌtary, ˈdictioˌnary. Mark the most prominent

Accentual variationRecessive tendency: e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow; e.g. reason, colour,

Typology of accentual structures1. ['___] e.g. 'fafher, 'possibly, 'mother-in-law, 'gas-pipe.2. [

Functions of stressConstitutive function: word stress builds up a word by

Fulfill the tasks:1) How does the meaning change with the change

Find the odd one in each row: 1. person permanent personal persuade 2. surgeon surprise surplus surface

Похожие презентации

Syllable as a phonetic and phonological unit
Syllable formation theories
Syllable Structure
Types of

Phonetical and phonological aspects of syllable
Phonetical level: the way we produce

SYLLABLE
Can be analysed from acoustic, auditory, articulatory and functional points of

Syllable from a functional point of view
a) a syllable is a

Examples:
flounce
free
each
Onset = /fl/ = /fr/ = zero
Rhyme =/auns/ = /i:/

Answer:
The onset of the word stretch is?
a. s b. st c.

The principles of syllable classification. Types of syllables.
Syllabographs differ from

Theories of Syllable
The most ancient theory states that there are as

Sonority theory
Low vowels (a:, ɔ..).
High vowels (i:, i....)
Semivowels (j, w)

Types of consonants:
Ex. initially strong consonants: it, us, oath, add;

Types of consonants
Ex. finally strong initially strong
not a tall

Rules of syllabification
Phonetic syllable divisions must be such as to avoid

Phonotactic constraints
Phonotactic constraints in English:
all three-consonant clusters at the beginning

English-specific restaints:
splayed; strayed; scrape; spew; stewed; skewed; squish; squawk; squeal —

Syllable division rules in English
1. A syllable boundary coincides with a

Syllabification in English
3. Maximum onset principle: where two syllables are to

Functions of the syllable
Constitutive: within syllable the relations between the distinctive

Components of stress

Pitch
Length
Loudness

Types of stress
Dynamic stress: intensity of articulation (greater muscular energy).
Musical

English word stress
English word stress: a hierarchy of acoustic cues
Perceptually

Placement of stress (position)
Fixed stress: stress is limited to a particular

Placement of stress (structural)
Shifting stress: performs functions of differentiating lexical units,

Degree of stress
Primary
Secondary: eˌxamiˈnation, ˌorganiˈsation
Tertiary: ˈsecreˌtary, ˈdictioˌnary.
Mark the most prominent

Accentual variation
Recessive tendency: e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow; e.g. reason, colour,

Typology of accentual structures
1. ['___] e.g. 'fafher, 'possibly, 'mother-in-law, 'gas-pipe.
2. [

Functions of stress
Constitutive function: word stress builds up a word by

Fulfill the tasks:
1) How does the meaning change with the change

Find the odd one in each row:
1. person permanent personal persuade
2. surgeon surprise surplus surface