Theoretical grammar of the English language

Август 23, 2022

Главная
Английский язык
Theoretical grammar of the English language

Содержание

2. ПОЯСНЮВАЛЬНА ЗАПИСКА Навчальний курс «Теоретична граматика англійської мови» входить до циклу дисциплін нормативної підготовки. Предметом курсу
4. TOPICS WEEK 1 Approaches to the study of English grammar. Week 2 MORPHOLOGY I Week 3
5. Week 7 VERB II. Week 8 SYNTAX. PHRASE. Week 9 CONSTRUCTION. Week 10. CLAUSES AND SENTENCES.
6. Week 13. Complex sentences. Week 14 SENTENCE IN THE TEXT. COHESION.
7. The term “grammar” The term “grammar” goes back to a Greek word that may be translated
8. In education, grammar is classified in practical and theoretical.
9. The aim of practical grammar is the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand
10. In theoretical grammar three models of linguistic description are distinguished – semantic, syntactic and pragmatic –
11. The relation between lingual units themselves: no lingual unit can be used independently; it serves as
12. READINGS Rochelle Lieber “Introducing Morphology” (Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics), 2009. Geert Booij “The Grammar
13. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF GRAMMAR
14. Traditional In the development of traditional grammar two periods are distinguished: prescriptive (pre-scientific) and descriptive (scientific).
15. The aim of prescriptive grammar was to reduce the English language to rules and set up
16. The essence of the descriptive method runs down to making inventories of linguistic units and explaining
17. Structuralism is an approach to the study of language which views a language as a structured
18. Striving to be maximally objective, structural grammarians used formal methods of analyzing language: distributional, transformational, oppositional
19. The distribution of a linguistic element is the set of its environments, or the sum total
20. The aim of a transformational operation was to reveal similarities and differences in the structure of
21. Oppositional analysis is based on the principle of binary oppositions. It is equally effective on different
22. Componential analysis (CA) is used in lexicology (semantics), word-building, and syntax. It aims to reveal how
24. Generative Grammar Generative /ˈdʒɛn(ə)rətɪv/ Unlike the structural grammarian, the generative scholar is not concerned with describing
25. Noam Chomsky According to this model, in a language there is a finite number of kernel
26. Deep structure (also known as deep grammar or D-structure) is the underlying syntactic structure. In contrast
27. “I know a man who flies planes” can be considered the surface form of a deep
28. Functionalist Systemic Linguistics, developed by Michael Halliday Systemic Linguistics is interested in examining the structure of
29. Halliday distinguishes among three distinctive functions of language.
30. The ideational (or experiential) function is the conveying of semantic content representing information about our experience
31. The textual function is the linking of linguistic elements to other linguistic elements, so that the
32. The interpersonal function is the establishment and maintenance of social relations, including persuading other people to
33. Cognitive Grammar The theoretical framework of cognitive grammar is associated with Ronald Langacker which has been
35. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

ПОЯСНЮВАЛЬНА ЗАПИСКА
Навчальний курс «Теоретична граматика англійської мови» входить до циклу дисциплін

нормативної підготовки. Предметом курсу є теоретичні засади граматичної побудови англійської мови. Курс з теоретичної граматики є спрямованим на поглиблення і систематизацію знань студентів з курсу практичної граматики англійської мови шляхом узагальнення, наукового осмислення і тлумачення задля формування значущих філологічних якостей таких як уміння орієнтуватися в різноманітних лінгвістичних концепціях, критично їх оцінювати та використовувати їхні здобутки у власних дослідженнях; обирати та застосовувати відповідні лінгвістичні методи для аналізу явищ і фактів у мовних системах; демонструвати навички аналізу та інтерпретації мовних фактів і явищ. Теоретичне вивчення граматики англійської мови передбачає: по-перше, прослуховування студентами лекційного курсу, спрямованого окреслити основні граматичні проблеми й підходи до їх вирішення у сучасних лінгвістичних концепціях; по-друге, проведення семінарських занять, покликаних закріпити й поглибити теоретичні знання шляхом аналізу та пояснення граматичних фактів у мовленнєвій комунікації англійською мовою.

Слайд 3

Слайд 4

TOPICS
WEEK 1
Approaches to the study of English grammar.
Week 2
MORPHOLOGY I
Week

3
MORPHOLOGY II.
Week 4
CATEGORIZATION.
Week 5
NOUN.
Week 6
VERB I.

Слайд 5

Week 7
VERB II.
Week 8
SYNTAX. PHRASE.
Week 9
CONSTRUCTION.
Week 10.
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES.
Week 11.
SUBJECT.

PREDICATE.
Week 12.
PRAGMATICS.

Слайд 6

Week 13.
Complex sentences.
Week 14
SENTENCE IN THE TEXT. COHESION.

Слайд 7

The term “grammar”
The term “grammar” goes back to a Greek word

that may be translated as the “art of writing”. Macmillan English Dictionary defines grammar as “the set of rules that describe the structure of language and control the way that sentences are formed.”

Слайд 8

In education, grammar is classified in practical and theoretical.

Слайд 9

The aim of practical grammar is the description of grammar rules

that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences. It is aimed at providing the student with a manual of practical mastery of the grammatical part of language.

Слайд 10

In theoretical grammar three models of linguistic description are distinguished
–

semantic, syntactic and pragmatic – which are related to three types of relations that lingual units (or linguistic signs) can go into:
The relation between a lingual unit and an object of extralingual reality, e.g. between the word ‘table’ and a definite piece of furniture. This type of meaning is called referential and it is studied by semantics.

Слайд 11

The relation between lingual units themselves: no lingual unit can be

used independently; it serves as an element in the system of other units. This kind of meaning is called syntactic (or formal) and it is studied by syntax.
The relation between a unit and a person who uses it. People use language as an instrument for their purpose, and one and the same word or sentence may acquire different meanings in communication. This type of meaning is called pragmatic (or functional) and it is studied by pragmatics.

Слайд 12

READINGS
Rochelle Lieber “Introducing Morphology” (Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics), 2009.
Geert

Booij “The Grammar of Words. An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology “ (OXFORD TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS), 2005.
Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (General Grammar): Longman; 1 edition, 1989.
Huddleston Rodney, Pullum Geoffrey K. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Beccles: William Clowes Ltd, 2002.
G. Yule, H. G. Widdowson Pragmatics (Oxford Introductions to Language Study) Oxford University Press, USA; 1St Edition, June 6, 1996.
Halliday M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. - Ldn., 1985.
Halliday M., Hasan R. Cohesion in English. - Ldn., 1976.
Chomsky N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.- Cambr., Mass., 1965.
Chomsky N. Language and Mind.- N.Y., 1972.
Jespersen 0. Essentials of English Grammar. - Ldn., 1946.
Lyons J. Language, Meaning and Context. - Bungay, 1981.
Matthews P.H. Syntax. - Cambr., 1981

Слайд 13

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF GRAMMAR

Слайд 14

Traditional
In the development of traditional grammar two periods are distinguished:

prescriptive (pre-scientific) and descriptive (scientific).

Слайд 15

The aim of prescriptive grammar was to reduce the English language

to rules and set up a standard of correct usage.

Слайд 16

The essence of the descriptive method runs down to making inventories

of linguistic units and explaining their structural and functional characteristics at a certain stage of the development of the language, i.e. synchronically.

Слайд 17

Structuralism is an approach to the study of language which views

a language as a structured system.

Слайд 18

Striving to be maximally objective, structural grammarians used formal methods of

analyzing language: distributional, transformational, oppositional and immediate constituents analyses.

Слайд 19

The distribution of a linguistic element is the set of its

environments, or the sum total of all the positions of the element relative to the positions of other elements, within sentences in which the element can appear.

Слайд 20

The aim of a transformational operation was to reveal similarities and

differences in the structure of the units under scrutiny or to reveal their structural potential.

Слайд 21

Oppositional analysis is based on the principle of binary oppositions. It

is equally effective on different linguistic levels – phonological, lexical, grammatical.
For instance, the category of number of nouns is based on the opposition of the marked member (the plural form) to the unmarked member (the singular one).

Слайд 22

Componential analysis (CA) is used in lexicology (semantics), word-building, and syntax.

It aims to reveal how linguistic units of higher levels are made up of the units of lower levels. In syntax this method is known under the name of Immediate Constituents (IC) analysis.

Слайд 23

Слайд 24

Generative Grammar
Generative /ˈdʒɛn(ə)rətɪv/
Unlike the structural grammarian, the generative scholar is

not concerned with describing what he/she finds in a corpus of sentences collected from native speakers. He/she is interested in all possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence), rather than in his/her actual use of it (performance).

Слайд 25

Noam Chomsky
According to this model, in a language there is a

finite number of kernel sentences (i.e. structurally the simplest ones) and their transforms (i.e. structures derived from them).

Слайд 26

Deep structure (also known as deep grammar or D-structure) is the underlying syntactic structure. In contrast

to surface structure (the outward form of a sentence), deep structure is an abstract representation that identifies the ways a sentence can be analyzed and interpreted.

Слайд 27

“I know a man who flies planes” can be considered the

surface form of a deep structure approximately like “I know a man. The man flies airplanes.”

Слайд 28

Functionalist
Systemic Linguistics, developed by Michael Halliday
Systemic Linguistics is interested in

examining the structure of a large linguistic unit – a text or a discourse – and it attempts to integrate a great deal of structural information with other information (social information, for example) in the hope of constructing a coherent account of what speakers are doing.

Слайд 29

Halliday distinguishes among three distinctive functions of language.

Слайд 30

The ideational (or experiential) function is the conveying of semantic content

representing information about our experience of the external world (including our own minds).

Слайд 31

The textual function is the linking of linguistic elements to other

linguistic elements, so that the various parts of a text can be integrated into a coherent and cohesive whole and related to the wider context of our speech or writing.

Слайд 32

The interpersonal function is the establishment and maintenance of social relations,

including persuading other people to do things or to believe things.

Слайд 33

Cognitive Grammar
The theoretical framework of cognitive grammar is associated with Ronald

Langacker which has been underdevelopment since the mid-1970s and is best represented in his two Foundations of Cognitive Grammar volumes published in 1987 and 1991 respectively.