DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA

Июль 28, 2022

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DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA

Содержание

2. Success Criteria Can apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of X bases presented from
3. Terminology – Replication flash cards https://quizlet.com/140046226/as-biology-dna-replication-and-the-genetic-code-flash-cards
4. When does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?
5. Question: When and where does DNA Replication take place? S phase of interphase of the cell
6. Mechanisms of DNA Replication Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment There were three theories of how DNA might
7. Scientists had three theories of how DNA Replicated.
8. Meselson and Stahl – How does DNA replicate? In class ? (watch until 5.18 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gdWOWjioBE&t=52s
9. The experiments of Meselsohn and Stahl to support semi-conservative replication. Same experiment – different graphic
11. DNA Replication - Semiconservative
12. Replication Bubbles Eukaroyotic genomes are so large that replication must occur simutaniously on many parts of
13. Since DNA is antiparallel – it must replicate continuously and discontinuously.
14. Steps of DNA Replication 1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double helix. 2. Helicase unwinds the
15. DNA Replication Origins of replication 1. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules
16. DNA Replication Origins of replication 2. Replication Bubbles: a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes). b. Single
17. DNA Replication Strand Separation: 1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule by allowing
18. DNA Replication Strand Separation: 2. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation (breaking H-Bonds) of
19. DNA Replication Priming: 2. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there must be small
20. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 1. DNA Polymerase III: with a RNA primer
21. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a single polymer
22. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 3. Lagging Strand uses DNA polymerase I: is
23. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short segments on
24. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme that catalyzes
25. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 6. Proofreading: initial base-pairing errors may be corrected
26. DNA ? DNA DNA ? mRNA mRNA ? amino acid
28. TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEIN OCCURS -In the cytoplasm on free ribosomes -mRNA directs the RNA to the ribosome
29. RNA _________________________________________________________ mRNA – messenger RNA(codon) takes message of DNA, edits it, then takes it through
30. RNA Major Differences DNA RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3zO8t1lsE Professor Dave DNA RNA (7.0) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00 Differences in DNA RNA
34. Compare DNA to RNA
35. Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing a check in the appropriate
36. Compare DNA to RNA
38. Quiz Formative
44. DNA Structure Review In your notebook, place the template under the page and trace. Next, use
45. Antiparallel Phosphodiester Bonds Nucleotide
46. Nitrogenous Bases DNA: G-C A-T mRNA: C-G U-A Thymine Guanine Adenine Uracil Cytosine Pyrimidines Purines GCAT
47. DNA Replication
48. Three types of RNA
54. Скачать презентацию

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Success Criteria
Can apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of

X bases presented from the information taken from Y bases. Know and explain two rules:
Quantity A = Quantity T
Quantity G = Quantity C
Relative quantity of DNA varies from one sample to another one particularly in relative quantity of reasons ATGC
Know and understand the process of DNA replication. Apply knowledge in completing diagram. Use correctly and explain terms.
Analyze structure of RNA and DNA molecules. Find similarities and differences. Complete the table correctly.

Meselson and Stahl (watch until 5.18 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gdWOWjioBE&t=52s
Professor Dave DNA replication (6.14 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kp9wiYMQUU
Mrs Cooper DNA replication (13 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00

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Terminology – Replication flash cards https://quizlet.com/140046226/as-biology-dna-replication-and-the-genetic-code-flash-cards

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When does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?

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Question:
When and where does DNA Replication take place?
S phase of interphase

of the cell cycle
IN Eukaryotic cells

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Mechanisms of DNA Replication
Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment
There were three

theories of how DNA might replication.

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Scientists had three theories of how DNA Replicated.

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Meselson and Stahl – How does DNA replicate? In class ?

(watch until 5.18 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gdWOWjioBE&t=52s

Bacteria was grown until all DNA contained 15N as nitrogen source. Density = 100% Heavy 15N
Then bacteria was grown using only 14N – as nitrogen source.
Generation 0 Density = 100% of 15N
Generation 1 Density = 100% of 15N +14N mixed equally as one molecule.
Generation 2 Density = 50% of 15N + 14N and 50% of only 14N
Generation 3 Density = 25% of 15N + 14N and 75% of only 14N
Generation 4 Density = 12% of 15N + 14N and 88% of only 14N

Bacteria was grown on nutrient 15N
as nitrogen source. Gen = 0

Bacteria was grown on nutrient 14N
as nitrogen source. Gen = 1-4

14 N

15 N

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The experiments of
Meselsohn and Stahl
to support semi-conservative replication.
Same experiment – different

graphic

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DNA Replication - Semiconservative

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Replication Bubbles
Eukaroyotic genomes are
so large that replication must occur simutaniously

on many parts of the strand to ensure that it is complete.

Semiconservative-
one old and one new strand both
are identical to the parent strand.

-Why does DNA replicate?
-During what process does
replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?

DNA
Replication

Watch this now ☺ Professor Dave DNA replication (6.14 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kp9wiYMQUU

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Since DNA is antiparallel – it must replicate continuously and discontinuously.

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Steps of DNA Replication
1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double

helix.
2. Helicase unwinds the parental double helix.
3. Single stranded binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA.
4. The leading strand is synthesized continually in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase III.
5. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase I to form and Okazaki fragment.
6. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA polymerase, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing chain.

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DNA Replication
Origins of replication
1. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of replicating

DNA molecules where new strands are growing.

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DNA Replication
Origins of replication
2. Replication Bubbles:
a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes).
b. Single

replication fork (bacteria).

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DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule

by allowing free rotation around a single strand.

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DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
2. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation

(breaking H-Bonds) of the parental double helix.
3. Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP): proteins which attach and help keep the separated strands apart.

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DNA Replication
Priming:
2. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there

must be small pre-existing primers (RNA) present to start the addition of new nucleotides (DNA Polymerase).
3. Primase: enzyme that polymerizes (synthesizes) the RNA Primer.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
1. DNA Polymerase III: with a

RNA primer in place, DNA Polymerase (enzyme) catalyze the synthesis of a new DNA strand in the 5’ ? 3’ direction.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a

single polymer in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
3. Lagging Strand uses DNA polymerase

I: is also synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction, but discontinuously against overall direction of replication.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short

segments on the lagging strand.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme

that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond from the 3’ to 5’ end of joining stands.
Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together.

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DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
6. Proofreading: initial base-pairing errors may

be corrected by DNA polymerase I or III.

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DNA ? DNA
DNA ? mRNA
mRNA ? amino acid

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TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEIN
OCCURS
-In the cytoplasm on free ribosomes
-mRNA directs the RNA to

the ribosome where tRNA translates (decodes) the codon (sequence of three bases) to a specific amino acid.
-Then the amino acids combine to make a specific protein (polypeptide).
ENZYMES REQUIRED
amina-acyl tRNA synthetase – binds the amino acid to specific tRNA

DNA ? mRNA

mRNA ? amino acid

DNA ? DNA

Mitosis / Meiosis

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RNA _________________________________________________________
mRNA – messenger RNA(codon) takes message of DNA, edits

it, then takes it through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
rRNA – ribosomal RNA – RNA that assists with protein synthesis. Found in cytoplasm and on rough ER.
tRNA – transferRNA(anticodon) – RNA that transfers a specific amino acid to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

DNA ? mRNA

mRNA ? amino acid

DNA ? DNA

Mitosis / Meiosis

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RNA
Major Differences DNA RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3zO8t1lsE
Professor Dave DNA RNA (7.0) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00
Differences

in DNA RNA (2.40) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruUf7ntRCk8

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Compare DNA to RNA

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Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing

a check in the appropriate column.

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Compare DNA to RNA

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Quiz Formative

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DNA Structure Review
In your notebook, place the template under the page

and trace.
Next, use the template to find the completementary strand.
Why is DNA said to be “antiparallel”?
Circle a nucleotide
Label hydrogen bonds G=C , A=T see diagram.
Number the carbons of a sugar.
Label a phosphodiester bond.

Deoxyribose

GCAT

Sugar

DNA Nucleotide

Sugar

GCAU

RNA Nucleotide

Ribose

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Antiparallel
Phosphodiester
Bonds
Nucleotide

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Nitrogenous Bases
DNA: G-C A-T
mRNA: C-G U-A
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Pyrimidines
Purines
GCAT – meow!

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DNA Replication

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Three types of RNA

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DNA Replication, RNA Structure &amp; Function, and Compare DNA &amp; RNA

Содержание

Success CriteriaCan apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of

Terminology – Replication flash cards https://quizlet.com/140046226/as-biology-dna-replication-and-the-genetic-code-flash-cards

When does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Question:When and where does DNA Replication take place?S phase of interphase

Mechanisms of DNA Replication Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment There were three

Scientists had three theories of how DNA Replicated.

Meselson and Stahl – How does DNA replicate? In class ?

The experiments ofMeselsohn and Stahlto support semi-conservative replication.Same experiment – different

DNA Replication - Semiconservative

Replication BubblesEukaroyotic genomes are so large that replication must occur simutaniously

Since DNA is antiparallel – it must replicate continuously and discontinuously.

Steps of DNA Replication 1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double

DNA ReplicationOrigins of replication 1. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of replicating

DNA ReplicationOrigins of replication 2. Replication Bubbles: a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes). b. Single

DNA ReplicationStrand Separation: 1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule

DNA ReplicationStrand Separation: 2. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation

DNA ReplicationPriming: 2. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 1. DNA Polymerase III: with a

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 3. Lagging Strand uses DNA polymerase

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme

DNA ReplicationSynthesis of the new DNA Strands: 6. Proofreading: initial base-pairing errors may

DNA ? DNADNA ? mRNAmRNA ? amino acid

TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEINOCCURS-In the cytoplasm on free ribosomes-mRNA directs the RNA to

RNA _________________________________________________________ mRNA – messenger RNA(codon) takes message of DNA, edits

RNA Major Differences DNA RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3zO8t1lsEProfessor Dave DNA RNA (7.0) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00Differences

Compare DNA to RNA

Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing

Compare DNA to RNA

Quiz Formative

DNA Structure ReviewIn your notebook, place the template under the page

AntiparallelPhosphodiester BondsNucleotide

Nitrogenous Bases DNA: G-C A-TmRNA: C-G U-A ThymineGuanineAdenineUracilCytosinePyrimidinesPurinesGCAT – meow!

DNA Replication

Three types of RNA

Похожие презентации

DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA

Success Criteria
Can apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of

Question:
When and where does DNA Replication take place?
S phase of interphase

Mechanisms of DNA Replication
Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment
There were three

The experiments of
Meselsohn and Stahl
to support semi-conservative replication.
Same experiment – different

Replication Bubbles
Eukaroyotic genomes are
so large that replication must occur simutaniously

Steps of DNA Replication
1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double

DNA Replication
Origins of replication
1. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of replicating

DNA Replication
Origins of replication
2. Replication Bubbles:
a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes).
b. Single

DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule

DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
2. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation

DNA Replication
Priming:
2. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
1. DNA Polymerase III: with a

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
3. Lagging Strand uses DNA polymerase

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme

DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
6. Proofreading: initial base-pairing errors may

DNA ? DNA
DNA ? mRNA
mRNA ? amino acid

TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEIN
OCCURS
-In the cytoplasm on free ribosomes
-mRNA directs the RNA to

RNA _________________________________________________________
mRNA – messenger RNA(codon) takes message of DNA, edits

RNA
Major Differences DNA RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3zO8t1lsE
Professor Dave DNA RNA (7.0) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00
Differences

DNA Structure Review
In your notebook, place the template under the page

Antiparallel
Phosphodiester
Bonds
Nucleotide

Nitrogenous Bases
DNA: G-C A-T
mRNA: C-G U-A
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Pyrimidines
Purines
GCAT – meow!