Photosynthesis

Июль 24, 2022

Содержание

2. Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined) Endergonic (stores energy) Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light
3. Question: Where does photosynthesis take place?
4. Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose) Process called photosynthesis Mainly occurs in the leaves:
5. Stomata (stoma) Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2)
6. Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!
7. Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoid stacks are connected together
8. Thylakoid Grana make up the inner membrane
9. Question: Why are plants green?
10. Chlorophyll Molecules Located in the thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center Chlorophyll pigments harvest
12. Wavelength of Light (nm)
13. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll wavelength Absorption Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best
14. Question: During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?
15. Fall Colors In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present During the fall,
16. Redox Reaction The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another Two types:
17. Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance or the gain of oxygen. Carbon dioxide
18. Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance or the loss of oxygen.
19. Question: Why do cells use for energy?
20. Energy for Life on Earth Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants
21. Structure of ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE,
22. Removing a Phosphate from ATP Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will --- Release ENERGY
23. High Energy Phosphate Bond
24. FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATP Process called Phosphorylation
25. Phosphorylation
26. Parts of Photosynthesis
27. Two Parts of Photosynthesis Two reactions make up photosynthesis: 1.Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction -
28. Two Parts of Photosynthesis 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or
29. Light Reaction (Electron Flow) Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two
30. Cyclic Electron Flow Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses Photosystem I only P700 reaction center- chlorophyll
31. Cyclic Electron Flow Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP
32. Noncyclic Electron Flow Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem I P680 reaction
33. Noncyclic Electron Flow H2O is split in PSII & ATP is made, while the energy carrier
34. Noncyclic Electron Flow ADP + → ATP NADP+ + H → NADPH Oxygen comes from the
35. Chemiosmosis Powers ATP synthesis Takes place across the thylakoid membrane Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme)
36. Chemiosmosis
37. Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction) C3 plants (80% of plants on earth) Occurs in
38. Chloroplast
39. Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)
40. Calvin Cycle Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle
41. Photorespiration Occurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomates close Fixation of O2 instead of CO2 Produces
42. Photorespiration Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration: 1. C4
43. C4 Plants Hot, moist environments 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane) Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places
44. C4 Plants
45. CAM Plants Hot, dry environments 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed during day
46. CAM Plants
47. Question: Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?
48. Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the day to conserve water
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Слайд 2

Photosynthesis
Anabolic (small molecules combined)
Endergonic (stores energy)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that

uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Question:
Where does photosynthesis take place?

Слайд 4

Plants
Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose)
Process called photosynthesis
Mainly occurs in

the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b. mesophyll cells

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Stomata (stoma)
Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and

gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.

Found on the underside of leaves

Stoma

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Mesophyll Cell of Leaf

Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

Слайд 7

Chloroplast
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Thylakoid stacks are connected together

Слайд 8

Thylakoid

Grana make up the inner membrane

Слайд 9

Question:
Why are plants green?

Слайд 10

Chlorophyll Molecules
Located in the thylakoid membranes
Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center
Chlorophyll

pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important)
Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

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Wavelength of Light (nm)

Слайд 13

Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll
wavelength
Absorption
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best

Слайд 14

Question:
During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

Слайд 15

Fall Colors
In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments

present
During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments
Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

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Redox Reaction
The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant

to another
Two types:
1. Oxidation is the loss of e-
2. Reduction is the gain of e-

Слайд 17

Oxidation Reaction
The loss of electrons from a substance or the gain

of oxygen.

Carbon dioxide

Water

Oxygen

Слайд 18

Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons to a substance or the loss

of oxygen.

Слайд 19

Question:
Why do cells use for energy?

Слайд 20

Energy for Life on Earth
Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all

life on Earth
Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars
Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

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Structure of ATP
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
It is composed of the

nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups
The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use

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Removing a Phosphate from ATP
Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP,

will ---
Release ENERGY for cells to use
Form ADP
Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP

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High Energy Phosphate Bond

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FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATP
Process called Phosphorylation

Слайд 25

Phosphorylation

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Parts of Photosynthesis

Слайд 27

Two Parts of Photosynthesis
Two reactions make up photosynthesis:
1.Light Reaction or Light

Dependent Reaction -
Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.

SUN

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Two Parts of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction
Also called

Carbon Fixation or C3 Fixation
Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

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Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes
During the light reaction,

there are two possible routes for electron flow:
A. Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

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Cyclic Electron Flow
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
Uses Photosystem I only
P700 reaction

center- chlorophyll a
Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Generates ATP only
ADP + ATP

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Cyclic Electron Flow

Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of

Chlorophyll a to produce ATP

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Noncyclic Electron Flow
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem

I
P680 reaction center (PSII) - chlorophyll a
P700 reaction center (PS I) - chlorophyll a
Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Generates O2, ATP and NADPH

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Noncyclic Electron Flow
H2O is split in PSII & ATP is made,

while the energy carrier NADPH is made in PSI

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Noncyclic Electron Flow
ADP + → ATP
NADP+ + H → NADPH
Oxygen comes from

the splitting of H2O, not CO2
H2O → 1/2 O2 + 2H+

Слайд 35

Chemiosmosis
Powers ATP synthesis
Takes place across the thylakoid membrane
Uses ETC and ATP

synthase (enzyme)
H+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADP

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Chemiosmosis

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Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction)
C3 plants (80% of plants on

earth)
Occurs in the stroma
Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy
Uses CO2
To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

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Chloroplast

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Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)

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Calvin Cycle
Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle

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Photorespiration
Occurs on hot, dry, bright days
Stomates close
Fixation of O2 instead of

CO2
Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules
Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP

Слайд 42

Photorespiration
Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect

of photorespiration:
1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants

Слайд 43

C4 Plants
Hot, moist environments
15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)
Photosynthesis occurs in

2 places
Light reaction - mesophyll cells
Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells

Слайд 44

C4 Plants

Слайд 45

CAM Plants
Hot, dry environments
5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)
Stomates closed

during day
Stomates open during the night
Light reaction - occurs during the day
Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present

Слайд 46

CAM Plants

Слайд 47

Question:
Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?

Слайд 48

Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the

day to conserve water

Photosynthesis

Содержание

PhotosynthesisAnabolic (small molecules combined)Endergonic (stores energy)Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that

Question:Where does photosynthesis take place?

PlantsAutotrophs – produce their own food (glucose)Process called photosynthesisMainly occurs in

Stomata (stoma)Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and

Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

ChloroplastOrganelle where photosynthesis takes place.Thylakoid stacks are connected together

Thylakoid Grana make up the inner membrane

Question:Why are plants green?

Chlorophyll MoleculesLocated in the thylakoid membranesChlorophyll have Mg+ in the centerChlorophyll

Wavelength of Light (nm)

Absorption of Light by ChlorophyllwavelengthAbsorptionChlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best

Question:During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

Fall ColorsIn addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments

Redox ReactionThe transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant

Oxidation ReactionThe loss of electrons from a substance or the gain

Reduction ReactionThe gain of electrons to a substance or the loss

Question:Why do cells use for energy?

Energy for Life on EarthSunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all

Structure of ATPATP stands for adenosine triphosphateIt is composed of the

Removing a Phosphate from ATPBreaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP,