Protozoa as parasites of human being

Июль 29, 2022

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Protozoa as parasites of human being

Содержание

2. QUESTIONS -General features -Protozoa Taxonomy -Characteristics of: Lobosea, Zoomastigophora, Sporozoa, Litostomatea
3. General Features 1. Protozoa are microscopic, unicellular animals whose single cell performs all activities of the
4. 4. Some vacuoles can be found in the endoplasm: - food vacuoles – for digestion and
5. PROTOZOA TAXONOMY CLASS LOBOSEA Class Zoomastigophora Class Litostomatea Class Sporozoa Entamoeba histolitica Entamoeba coli Trypanosoma gambiense
6. Some of the most important disease – producing Protozoa are: Entamoeba, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Lamblia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium,
7. Entamoeba histolitica
8. Entamoeba Histolitica The fully grown form (trophozoite) is less or more rounded with outer clear ectoplasme
9. Entamoeba Histolitica – forma minuta is an unpathogenic commensal. It inhabits the cavity of the large
10. Trypanosomes. They are parasites in the blood, lymph and tissues. The adult form has a fusiform
11. Three species are parasitic in man: -Trypanosoma gambiense, -Trypanosoma rhodesiense, -Trypanosoma cruzi. Tr. Gambiense and Tr.
12. Trypanosomes in blood
13. Leishmania. It is pathogen of leishmaniasis (cutaneous or visceral). In infected tissues (cells) Leishmania parasites occur
15. Leismania domovani causes visceral leishmaniosis (or Kala-azar). The parasite attacks blood vessels, lymphatics, spleen, liver, red
17. Leishmaniasis
18. Lamblia in organ
19. Lamblia. Structure.
20. Lamblia (Giardia). It is an agent of lambliasis. The adult form (trophozoite) has a pear shape,
21. Trichomonas vaginalis
22. Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas vaginalis is an agent of uro-genital trichomoniasis. It causes inflammation of mucose membrane
23. Toxoplasma gondii
24. Toxoplasma gondii. It causes toxoplasmosis and can be found in the forms: - adult forms-trophozoites, -
25. Protecting themselves from host’s immune system the parasites forms thick capsules with a lot of trophozoites
26. Humans ingest oocysts with meat , milk and dairy products of animals sick with toxoplasmosis, uncooked
28. Plasmodium. The malarial parasites of man include four species: - Pl. vivax - agent of tertian
29. Life cycle involves sexual stage (sporogony) in the mosquito Anopheles and asexual stage (schizogony) in man.
30. Life cycle of Plasmodium
31. Balantidium coli
32. Balantidium coli. Balantidium coli is the only infusorial parasite of man which causes the disease balantidiasis.
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QUESTIONS
-General features
-Protozoa Taxonomy
-Characteristics of: Lobosea, Zoomastigophora, Sporozoa, Litostomatea

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General Features
1. Protozoa are microscopic, unicellular animals whose single cell performs

all activities of the multicellular organism: nutrition. respiration, locomotion, growth, excretion, sensitivity and reproduction.
2. The protozoan body is bounded by a delicate plasma membrane, which does not maintain a definite shape (ex. Amoeba). The shape of the body is maintained by the pellicle which is a double membrane and may be regarded as an exoskeleton (Ex. Euglena, Paramecium).
3. Beneath the pellicle is a peripheral ectoplasm - clear, dense and firm. Below the ectoplasm is a semi fluid, granular endoplasm with fat, glycogen and nucleus (one or two).

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4. Some vacuoles can be found in the endoplasm:
- food

vacuoles – for digestion and
- contractile vacuoles – for osmoregulation and for elimination of waste products, some dissolved CO2 , and the excess of water
5. Respiration may be effected either aerobically by oxidation or anaerobically, by splitting up of complex chemical substances into simple compounds.
6. Locomotion either by:
- producing pseudopodia (Amoeba)
- using flagella (Euglena, Trypanosoma) or cilia (Paramecium)
7. Protozoa reproduce:
- asexually by binary fission or
- sexually by conjugation
8. In unfavorable periods they from cysts. The cysts also provide means of dispresal and thus colonization of fresh territory.

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PROTOZOA TAXONOMY
CLASS
LOBOSEA
Class
Zoomastigophora
Class
Litostomatea
Class
Sporozoa
Entamoeba
histolitica
Entamoeba
coli
Trypanosoma
gambiense
Trypanosoma
cruzi
Plasmodium
vivax
P.malariae
Paramecium
Caudatum
Balantidium
coli

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Some of the most important disease – producing Protozoa are:
Entamoeba,

Leishmania, Trypanosoma,
Lamblia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Balantidium.

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Entamoeba histolitica

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Entamoeba Histolitica
The fully grown form (trophozoite) is less or more rounded

with outer clear ectoplasme and urner granular endoplasme. It has a large round nucleus.
Ent. Histolitica can be found in forms:
- forma magna-pathogenic,
- forma minuta-the main form of existence,
- cyst form-invasive stage.

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Entamoeba Histolitica – forma minuta is an unpathogenic commensal. It inhabits

the cavity of the large intestine, feeds on bacteria, detritous, reproduces, turns into cysts which passed out with the faeces.
Forma minuta changes into forma magna (pathogenic form) which penetrates into the cells of intestine causes disease amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis. In chronic amoebiasis the parasites bore into the blood vessels and are carried to the liver. In the liver the parasites produce abscesses.
Invasion of a person takes place when he swallows cysts with water and food.

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Trypanosomes.
They are parasites in the blood, lymph and tissues.
The adult

form has a fusiform body pointed at both ends and covered with a firm pellicle. A longthread-like axoneme is joined to the cell by an undulating membrane and is continued along and beyond the body as a flagellum. There is a large nucleus in the middle of the cell.

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Three species are parasitic in man:
-Trypanosoma gambiense,
-Trypanosoma rhodesiense,

-Trypanosoma cruzi.
Tr. Gambiense and Tr. rhodesiense cause the sleeping-sickness (fever,anemia,enlargment of lymphatic nodes,inflammation of brain and cerebral membranes) in man in Africa. They are found in the blood of antilops from where they are transmitted to humans by tse-tse flies.
Tr. Cruzi is spread in South and Central America.It is transmitted to humans by bugs “Triatoma megista” and causes chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Natural resevoirs are rats, squrrels, dogs, opossumes.

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Trypanosomes in blood

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Leishmania.
It is pathogen of leishmaniasis (cutaneous or visceral).
In infected

tissues (cells) Leishmania parasites occur as spherical or oval organisms, non-flagellated about 2-6 mm in length.The cytoplasm contains one or several vacuoles, a spherical nucleus and blepharoplast.
Leishmania tropica is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis which is transmitted to humans by sand-flies of Phlebotomus genus.
At the place of sand-flie’s sting a red papular appears and then ulcer forms. The ulcer cicatrizes and forms a scar that remains after treatment.

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Leismania domovani causes visceral leishmaniosis (or Kala-azar). The parasite attacks

blood vessels, lymphatics, spleen, liver, red bone marrow. The disease manifestes itself by fever, enlargment of the spleen, liver, by rheumatic pains.

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Leishmaniasis

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Lamblia in organ

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Lamblia. Structure.

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Lamblia (Giardia).
It is an agent of lambliasis. The adult form

(trophozoite) has a pear shape, four pairs of flagella, two nuclei, sucking discs and a supporting shift-axostyle.
The parasite forms oval-shaped cysts, which are invasional stage. It locates in the small intestine and breaks down parental digestion. Human being invaded by swallowing cysts with water and food.

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Trichomonas vaginalis

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Trichomonas vaginalis.
Trichomonas vaginalis is an agent of uro-genital trichomoniasis. It

causes inflammation of mucose membrane of urethra, vagina.
The invasion comes upon sexual contacts and by using the things of personal hygiene (sponges, towels), non-sterilized medical instruments.

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Toxoplasma gondii

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Toxoplasma gondii.

It causes toxoplasmosis and can be found in the

forms:
- adult forms-trophozoites,
- cysts.
Trophozoites are intra-cellular parasites about 6×2 mm, crescent-shaped with central nucleus. They multiply by binary fission and form pseudocysts .Pseudocysts are intra-cellular collection of trophozoites in cells. The cell wall of pseudocyst is a very thin membrane, that can be easyly distroyed when parasites grow.

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Protecting themselves from host’s immune system the parasites forms thick

capsules with a lot of trophozoites inside.
These capsules are known as a true cysts.
Oocysts develop in final host (cat) during sexual reproduction. Each oocyst contains two sporocysts with 4 sporozoites and found in stool of infected cats.
Cats are the final hosts of Toxoplasma which reproduces sexually in these animals. Humans, birds in which parasite reproduces asexually are intermediate hosts.

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Humans ingest oocysts with meat , milk and dairy products

of animals sick with toxoplasmosis, uncooked infected eggs and contaminated water or due to the direct contact with a cat.
Very dangerous is transplacental infection. It may cause embryo death or birth of a cripped child. In this case trophozoite (endozoit) is invasional stage.
Infection is often asymptomatic.

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Plasmodium.
The malarial parasites of man include four species:
- Pl.

vivax - agent of tertian malaria,
- Pl. malaria - agent of quartan malaria,
- Pl.falciparum - agent of tropical malaria,
- Pl.ovale – agent of tertien ovale -malaria.

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Life cycle involves sexual stage (sporogony) in the mosquito

Anopheles and asexual stage (schizogony) in man. Man is an intermediate host and mosquito is a definitive host.
The life cycle passes 3 stages:
a) in man: - Exo - erythrocytic schizogony (liver phase),
- Erythrocytic schizogony (blood phase).
b) in mosquito:
- Sporogony.
Clinical features of malaria include series of febrile paroxysms followed by anemia and splenomegaly.

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Life cycle of
Plasmodium

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Balantidium coli

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Balantidium coli.
Balantidium coli is the only infusorial parasite of man

which causes the disease balantidiasis. It has two stages:
- a trophozoite stage,
- a cyst stage.
The parasite has an asymmetrical oval body covered with cilia. Its anterior end is more pointed than the posterior and has the opening, knowing as peristome which leads to the cytostome (mouth) and then into a short cytopharynx.

Protozoa as parasites of human being

Содержание

QUESTIONS-General features-Protozoa Taxonomy-Characteristics of: Lobosea, Zoomastigophora, Sporozoa, Litostomatea

General Features1. Protozoa are microscopic, unicellular animals whose single cell performs

4. Some vacuoles can be found in the endoplasm: - food

PROTOZOA TAXONOMYCLASS LOBOSEAClass ZoomastigophoraClass LitostomateaClassSporozoaEntamoebahistoliticaEntamoebacoliTrypanosomagambienseTrypanosoma cruziPlasmodiumvivaxP.malariaeParamecium CaudatumBalantidiumcoli

Some of the most important disease – producing Protozoa are: Entamoeba,