Structure of flower. Morphology of flower. Double fertilization

flower.
3 Process of pollination.
4 Double fertilization.

– Минск: Новое знание, 2002. – 185 с.
2 Родман А.С. Ботаника. – М.: Колос, 2001. - 328 с.
Additional literatures:
1 Ишмуратова М.Ю. Ботаника. Учебно-методическое пособие. - Караганда: РИО Болашак-Баспа, 2015. - 331 с.
2 Тусупбекова Г.Т. Основы естествознания. Ч. 1. Ботаника. – Астана: Фолиант, 2013. – 321 с.
3 Байтулин И.О. Основы ризологии. - Алматы: Гылым, 2001. – 210 с.

three zones: sterile (perianth), male (androecium), and female (gynoecium).
Perianth is typically split into green part (calyx, consists of sepals) and color part (corolla, consists of petals). Sometimes perianth consists of similar parts which are neither sepals nor petals: tepals. This might be seen in the tulip (Tulipa) flower where tepals change their color from green (like in calyx) to red, white or yellow (like in corolla).
The general characters that a flower has are sex, merosity, symmetry, and the position of the gynoecium.

order—sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
PEDICEL flower stem
RECEPTACLE base of flower where other parts attach
HYPANTHIUM cup-shaped receptacle
PERIANTH = CALYX + COROLLA
SEPALS small and green, collectively called the CALYX, formula: K
PETALS often large and showy, collectively called the COROLLA, formula: C
TEPALS used when sepals and petals are not distinguishable, formula: P
ANDROECIUM collective term for stamens: formula: A
STAMEN = FILAMENT + ANTHER
ANTHER structure containing pollen grains
FILAMENT structure connecting anther to receptacle
GYNOECIUM collective term for pistils/carpels, formula: G. Gynoecium can be composed of:
1. A single CARPEL = simple PISTIL
2. Two or more fused CARPELS = compound PISTIL
3. Two or more unfused CARPELS = two or more simple PISTILS
To determine the number of CARPELS in a compound PISTIL,count LOCULES, points of placentation, number of STYLES, STIGMA and OVARY lobes.
PISTIL Collective term for carpel(s). The terms CARPEL and PISTIL are equivalent when there is no fusion, if fusion occurs then you have 2 or more CARPELS united into one PISTIL.
CARPEL structure enclosing ovules, may correspond with locules or placentas
OVARY basal position of pistil where OVULES are located. The ovary develops into the fruit; OVULES develop into seeds after fertilization.
LOCULE chamber containg OVULES
PLACENTA place of attachment of OVULE(S) within ovary

Fabaceae; Г –Asteraceae

Nicotiana; Б – Salix; В – Papaver; Г – Butomus: 1 – ovary, 2 – style, 3 – stigma

Which are the functions of flowers?
3 Which are the functions of stamen?
4 Describe the structure of pollen grain.
5 How did open the processes of double fertilization?
6 Which cells are included in pollen grain?
7 Which type of pollination do you know?