The nature of life. Cell structure and function

Август 2, 2022

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The nature of life. Cell structure and function

Содержание

2. QUESTIONS -The main characteristics of Living Things - Levels of organization - Pro and Eukaryotes -
3. Characteristics of Living Things Living things share several characteristics. These characteristics include the following: Living things
4. Levels of Organization
5. The largest and most complex level is the biosphere. The smallest level is the molecules that
6. The Cell Theory states the following: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the
8. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
9. Membranous Organells ER It is a network of membrane – limited channels, which continues with the
11. GOLGI APPARATUS (dictyosome) It consists of flattened membranous sacsciternae – looking like a stack of pita
13. MITOCHONDRIA They are bounded by a double membrane, the outer of which controls the entry and
15. VACUOLES and VESICLES VACUOLES and VESICLES are membrane – bounded sacs within the cell. Vacuoles have
17. PLASTIDS They can be found in the plant cells. There are three types of plastids: chloroplasts,
18. THE NUCLEUS It is bounded by a double membrane – the nuclear envelope with many pores.
20. LYSOSOMES They are membrane – bounded sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest
22. PEROXISOMES (microbodies) Small spherical membrane – bounded bodies that contain a number of metabolically important enzymes,
23. RIBOSOMES They are made up of one large and one small subunit, and comprise RNA, known
24. CENTROSOME It is a region near the nucleus of the animal cell which contains a pair
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QUESTIONS
-The main characteristics of Living Things
- Levels of organization
- Pro

and Eukaryotes
- Cell structure and functions

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Characteristics of Living Things
Living things share several characteristics. These characteristics include

the following:
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Living thins obtain and use materials and energy.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.

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Levels of Organization

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The largest and most complex level is the biosphere. The smallest

level is the molecules that make up living things.

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The Cell Theory states the following:
All living things are composed of

cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

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Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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Membranous Organells ER
It is a network of membrane – limited channels,

which continues with the flasme membrane and the nuclear envelops.
Provididing
A large surface area for chemical reactions
A pathway for the transport of material the cell
Producing
Proteins, especially enzymes (rough ER)
Lipids and steroids (smouth ER)
Collecting and storing synthesized material

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GOLGI APPARATUS (dictyosome)
It consists of flattened membranous sacsciternae – looking like

a stack of pita bread. A Golgi stack has a polarity: the cis face and the trans face.
The cis face receives the products of the ER. These products are usually modified during their transit from the cis pole to the trans pole of the Golgi.
The trans face gives rise to vesicles, which pinch of and travel to other sites.
Its functions include:
Producing glycoproteins, secretory enzymes, carbohydrates.
Transporting and storing lipids.
Forming lysosomes, acrosome.

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MITOCHONDRIA
They are bounded by a double membrane, the outer of

which controls the entry and exit of chemicals.
The inner membrane is folded inwards, giving rise to extensions called cristae. They inerease the surface area on which respiratory processes take place. The remainder of the motochondrion is the matri, which contain frotein, lipids and DNA.
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration.

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VACUOLES and VESICLES
VACUOLES and VESICLES are membrane – bounded sacs within

the cell. Vacuoles have various functlons:
Food vacoules – for inrtacellular Ligestion.
Contractole vacuoles – pump excess water out of the cell
Central vacuole enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast can hold important organic compounds inorganic ions, pigments in the plant cells.

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PLASTIDS
They can be found in the plant cells. There are

three types of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts.
In higher plants chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane.

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THE NUCLEUS
It is bounded by a double membrane – the nuclear

envelope with many pores. The cytoplasm – like material within the nucleus is callednucleoplasm. It contains chromatin and nucleolus.
The nucleus contains the genetic material of a cell, controls it activities, manufactures ribosomes and RNA.

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LYSOSOMES
They are membrane – bounded sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that

the cell uses to digest material which the cell consumes from the environment, to digest part of the cell (autophagy).

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PEROXISOMES (microbodies)
Small spherical membrane – bounded bodies that contain a

number of metabolically important enzymes, in particular the enzyme catalase, which catalyses the break down of hydrogen peroxide.

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RIBOSOMES
They are made up of one large and one

small subunit, and comprise RNA, known as ribosomal RNA, and protein. They perform the protein synthesis.

NON-MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES

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CENTROSOME
It is a region near the nucleus of the animal

cell which contains a pair of centrioles, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrosome helps to organize the spindle during cell division.