Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

Август 11, 2022

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Экология
Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

Содержание

2. Ecosystems function by maintaining a flow of energy and a cycling of materials through a series
3. There are 6 major components in an ecosystem: 1. inorganic substances 2. organic compounds 3. climate,
4. 4. producers; green plants which are able to manufacture food from simple inorganic substance in the
5. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical
6. 5. consumers; Primary consumers: they obtain their energy, from green plants. But secondary consumers such as
7. 6. decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi. Bacteria break down the flesh of dead animals. Fungi
8. Ecosystems tend toward maturity, or stability, and in doing so they pass from a less complex
9. Ecologists usually identify two types of succession, which differ in their starting points: In primary succession,
10. In secondary succession, an area previously occupied by living things is disturbed—disrupted, then recolonized following the
11. The path and endpoint of succession: The early ecologists, who first studied succession thought of it
12. 15 minute break (please, come back on time)
13. The main processes in ecosystems include: 1) food chains 2) materials cycles 3) development 4) evolution
14. Food chains. The Sun's energy travels through an ecosystem. The proper transfer of energy through an
15. Materials Cycles. Materials cycles include cycles of nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, water and mineral salts. Chemical substances
16. Development. An ecosystem exists in a state of equilibrium. It can support a certain number of
17. Ecosystems are not static - they change all the time. Plants and animals are able to
18. Evolution. During long periods of time ecosystems evolve. The evolution of an ecosystem is caused by
19. Consequently, the Sun's rays prevented life from developing on land. The first living organisms developed under
20. As the oxygen in the atmosphere increased, a layer of ozone was formed; life would be
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Ecosystems function by maintaining a flow of energy and a cycling

of materials through a series of steps of eating and being eaten, of utilization and conversion, called the food chain.
The structure of an ecosystem is essentially a description of an environment’s organisms and physical features.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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There are 6 major components in an ecosystem:
1. inorganic substances
2. organic

compounds
3. climate, temperature, wind, light and rain which affect all the processes in an ecosystem

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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4. producers;
green plants which are able to manufacture food from

simple inorganic substance in the process known photosynthesis.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert

light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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5. consumers;
Primary consumers: they obtain their energy, from green plants.

But secondary consumers such as dogs and cats feed on other animals.
There are three groups of consumers: primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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6. decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi.
Bacteria break down the

flesh of dead animals. Fungi break down plant material. They enable chemical substances to return to the physical environment.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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Ecosystems tend toward maturity, or stability, and in doing so they

pass from a less complex to a more complex state. This directional change is called succession.
Ecological succession is a series of progressive changes in the species that make up a community over time.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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Ecologists usually identify two types of succession, which differ in their

starting points:
In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time.
Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time.

Ecology

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In secondary succession, an area previously occupied by living things is disturbed—disrupted, then

recolonized following the disturbance.
The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes stable or self-perpetuating as a climax community.

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The path and endpoint of succession:
The early ecologists, who first studied

succession thought of it as a predictable process in which a community always went through the same series of stages. They also thought that the end result of succession was a stable, unchanging final state called a climax community, largely determined by an area's climate.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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15 minute break
(please, come back on time)

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The main processes in ecosystems include:
1) food chains
2) materials cycles
3) development
4)

evolution

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems

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Food chains. The Sun's energy travels through an ecosystem.
The proper transfer

of energy through an ecosystem by the producers, the consumers and the decomposers is called a food chain.

Ecology

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Materials Cycles. Materials cycles include cycles of nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, water

and mineral salts. Chemical substances move from the non-living environment to living things. They are then returned to the environment.

Ecology

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Development. An ecosystem exists in a state of equilibrium.
It can support

a certain number of plants and animals of different species. If the population of one animal increased, there would not be enough food and water for all the animals. Consequently, some would die. In this way the ecosystem regulates itself and returns to its state of equilibrium.

Ecology

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Ecosystems are not static - they change all the time. Plants

and animals are able to adapt to changes in the physical environment. For instance, if a human destroyed the vegetation in a region, there would be certain changes. First grass and some flowers would grow. Then insects would appear. The wind would blow the seeds of small trees. These trees would grow and birds and animals would appear.

Ecology

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Evolution. During long periods of time ecosystems evolve.
The evolution of an

ecosystem is caused by factors inside and outside it. Consider the evolution of the atmosphere: when life began there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

Ecology

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Consequently, the Sun's rays prevented life from developing on land. The

first living organisms developed under the sea. After the evolution of photosynthesis, the oxygen in the atmosphere increased and life expanded.

Ecology

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As the oxygen in the atmosphere increased, a layer of ozone

was formed; life would be impossible without it on the surface of the Earth. Today life on the Earth is in danger: man himself might destroy the equilibrium of ecosystem by pollution, extinction of wildlife and unreasonable utilization of the globe's material resource.

Ecology

2. Energy use and material cycling in ecosystems