Содержание
- 2. Preview Types of economies of scale Economies of scale and market structure The theory of external
- 3. Introduction The models of comparative advantage thus far assumed constant returns to scale: When inputs to
- 4. Introduction (cont.) But there may be increasing returns to scale or economies of scale: This means
- 5. Introduction (cont.) For example, suppose an industry produces widgets using only one input, labor. Consider how
- 6. Table 7-1: Relationship of Input to Output for a Hypothetical Industry
- 7. Introduction (cont.) Mutually beneficial trade can arise as a result of economies of scale. International trade
- 8. Economies of Scale and Market Structure Economies of scale could mean either that larger firms or
- 9. Economies of Scale and Market Structure (cont.) Both external and internal economies of scale are important
- 10. The Theory of External Economies This chapter deals with a model of external economies; the next
- 11. The Theory of External Economies (cont.) In developing countries such as China, external economies are pervasive
- 12. The Theory of External Economies (cont.) For a variety of reasons, concentrating production of an industry
- 13. The Theory of External Economies (cont.) Specialized equipment or services may be needed for the industry,
- 14. The Theory of External Economies (cont.) Labor pooling: a large and concentrated industry may attract a
- 15. The Theory of External Economies (cont.) Represent external economies simply by assuming that the larger the
- 16. External Economies and International Trade Prior to international trade, equilibrium prices and output for each country
- 17. Fig. 7-2: External Economies Before Trade
- 18. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) What will happen when the countries open up the potential
- 19. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) How does this concentration of production affect prices? Chinese button
- 20. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) Very different from the implications of models without increasing returns.
- 21. Fig. 7-3: Trade and Prices
- 22. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) What might cause one country to have an initial advantage
- 23. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) A tufted blanket, crafted as a wedding gift by a
- 24. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) Assume that the Vietnamese cost curve lies below the Chinese
- 25. Fig. 7-4: The Importance of Established Advantage
- 26. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) Trade based on external economies has an ambiguous effect on
- 27. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) Imagine that Thailand could make watches more cheaply, but Switzerland
- 28. External Economies and International Trade (cont.) Note that it’s still to the benefit of the world
- 29. Fig. 7-5: External Economies and Losses from Trade
- 30. Dynamic Increasing Returns So far, we have considered cases where external economies depend on the amount
- 31. Dynamic Increasing Returns (cont.) Dynamic increasing returns to scale could arise if the cost of production
- 32. Fig. 7-6: The Learning Curve
- 33. Dynamic Increasing Returns (cont.) Like external economies of scale at a point in time, dynamic increasing
- 34. International Trade and Economic Geography External economies may also be important for interregional trade within a
- 35. International Trade and Economic Geography (cont.) Some nontradable goods like veterinary services must usually be supplied
- 36. Table 7-2: Some Examples of Tradable and Nontradable Industries
- 37. International Trade and Economic Geography (cont.) More broadly, economic geography refers to the study of international
- 38. Summary Trade need not be the result of comparative advantage. Instead, it can result from increasing
- 39. Summary (cont.) Economies of scale can be internal (depending on the size of the firm) or
- 40. Summary (cont.) External economies give an important role to history and accident in determining the pattern
- 41. Summary (cont.) When external economies are important, countries can conceivably lose from trade. Also the free
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