The earth’s crust

Июль 26, 2022

Содержание

2. How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled? The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s
3. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1) Earth’s crust Composed of minerals and rocks Three
4. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2) Igneous – forms the bulk of earth’s crust
5. The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly Rock cycle The slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes
6. The rock cycle
7. What Are Mineral Resources, and what are their Environmental Effects? Concept: Some naturally occurring materials in
8. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Mineral resource (concentration of a naturally occurring material)
9. Mineral Categories Rock-forming minerals Most common minerals in the Earth’s crust, e.g. olivine, pyroxene, mica, feldspar,
10. Mineral Categories (cont.) Ore minerals Minerals from which metals or other elements can be profitably recovered,
11. QUARTZ –SiO2 Quartz is the most common mineral on Earth. It is found in nearly every
12. Mineral tests and observations Color is as variable as the spectrum, but clear quartz is by
13. Mineral Use Has Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of the processes of mining and converting minerals into
14. Stepped Art
15. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources Steps Environmental Effects Mining
16. There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1) Surface mining- 90% of nonmetal mineral/rock resources
17. Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Western Australia
18. Undisturbed land Overburden Highwall Coal seam Overburden Pit Bench Coal seam Spoil banks
19. Natural Capital Degradation: Mountaintop Coal Mining in West Virginia, U.S.
20. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Scarring and disruption of the land surface E.g., spoils banks
21. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Major pollution of water and air Effect on aquatic life
22. Banks of Waste or Spoils Created by Coal Area Strip Mining in Colorado, U.S.
23. Kumtor Gold Mine
24. Illegal Gold Mine
25. Ecological Restoration of a Mining Site in New Jersey, U.S.
26. Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Ore extracted by mining Ore mineral- a
27. Removing Meals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Liquid and solid hazardous wastes produced Use
28. Natural Capital Degradation: Summitville Gold Mining Site in Colorado, U.S.
29. How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last? Concept: All nonrenewable mineral resources exist in
30. Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1) Most of the nonrenewable mineral resources supplied by United States
31. Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (2) Strategic metal resources- essential for the country’s economy and military
32. Science Focus: The Nanotechnology Revolution Nanotechnology, tiny tech- using science and technology to manipulate and create
33. Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted Future supply depends on Actual or potential
34. Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals Subsidies and tax breaks to mining companies keep mineral
35. Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872 Encouraged mineral exploration and mining of hard-rock
36. Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer? Factors that limit the mining of lower-grade ores Increased cost
37. Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (1) Mineral resources dissolved in
38. Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (2) Hydrothermal ore deposits –
39. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?????? Making new materials by manipulating atoms and molecules is called ______. NANOTECHNOLOGY
40. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?????? Rocks formed by heat and pressure are ___. METAMORPHIC Most mining is
41. How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability? Concept: We can try to find substitutes for
42. We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1) Materials revolution- silicon, plastics, ceramics and
43. We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (2) Plastics have replaced copper steel and
44. Solutions: Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals
46. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled?
The three major types of rocks

found in the earth’s crust
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
They are recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.

Слайд 3

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1)
Earth’s crust
Composed of minerals

and rocks
Three broad classes of rocks, based on formation
Sedimentary (made of sediments- clastic -cemented and compacted and chemical- made from dissolved minerals like limestone and rock salt)
Sandstone and shale (compacted sediments)
Dolomite and limestone (compacted shells and skeletons)
Lignite and bituminous coal (compacted plant remains)

Слайд 4

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2)
Igneous – forms the

bulk of earth’s crust
Granite (formed underground)
Pumice
Obsidian
Basalt
Metamorphic –formed by heat and pressure
Anthracite from coal
Slate from shale
Marble from limestone
Gneiss from granite

Слайд 5

The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly
Rock cycle
The slowest of the

earth’s cyclic processes
Dolomite (see the shells) and a cave of limestone

Слайд 6

The rock cycle

Слайд 7

What Are Mineral Resources, and what are their Environmental Effects?
Concept: Some

naturally occurring materials in the earth’s crust can be extracted and made into useful products in processes that provide economic benefits and jobs.
Concept: Extracting and using mineral resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.

Слайд 8

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Mineral resource (concentration of

a naturally occurring material)
Fossil fuels (coal)
Metallic minerals (Al, Fe, Cu)
Nonmetallic minerals (sand, gravel)
Ore – contains enough of the mineral to be profitable to mine
High-grade ore
Low-grade ore

Слайд 9

Mineral Categories
Rock-forming minerals
Most common minerals in the Earth’s crust, e.g.

olivine, pyroxene, mica, feldspar, quartz, calcite and dolomite.
Accessory minerals
Minerals that are common but usually are found only in small amounts, e.g. chlorite, garnet, hematite, limonite, magnetite, and pyrite.
Gems
A mineral that is prized primarily for its beauty. (Although some gems, like diamonds are also used industrially), e.g. diamond, emerald, ruby, and sapphire.

Слайд 10

Mineral Categories (cont.)
Ore minerals
Minerals from which metals or other elements

can be profitably recovered, e.g. native gold, native silver, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite.
Industrial minerals
Minerals are industrially important, but are mined for purposes other than the extraction of metals, e.g. halite for table salt.

Слайд 11

QUARTZ –SiO2
Quartz is the most common mineral on Earth. It is

found in nearly every geological environment and is at least a component of almost every rock type. It is also the most varied in terms of varieties, colors and forms.
Uses: silica for glass, electrical components, optical lenses, abrasives, gemstones, ornamental stone, building stone, etc.

Слайд 12

Mineral tests and observations
Color is as variable as the spectrum, but

clear quartz is by far the most common color
Luster is vitreous (glassy)
Reflection of light: Crystals are transparent to translucent
Cleavage -none
Fracture is conchoidal. (calcite with
Hardness is 7 rhombohedral cleavage)
Specific Gravity is 2.65
Streak is white.
A metalloid and semiconductor
(Conchoidal fracture of quartz) fireworks, computers, transistors, pottery, contacts, breast implants, solar cells, glass,

Слайд 13

Mineral Use Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of the processes of mining

and converting minerals into useful products
Generates income, provides revenue for states and employment
Disadvantages – energy intensive and can disturb the land, erode soil and produce solid waste and pollution

Слайд 14

Stepped Art

Слайд 15

NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources
Steps
Environmental

Effects

Mining

Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat

Exploration, extraction

Processing

Solid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heat

Transportation, purification, manufacturing

Use

Noise; ugliness; thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat

Transportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding

Слайд 16

There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1)
Surface mining- 90%

of nonmetal mineral/rock resources and 60% of coal (in USA)
Shallow deposits removed- overburden, spoils,
tailings(material dredged from streams)
1. Open Pit
2. Strip mining- (when the ore is in horizontal beds)
3. Area strip mining- (flat land)
4. Contour strip mining- (mostly used to mine coal from mountains)
5. Mountain top removal (Appalachian Mts)- explosives
Subsurface mining
Deep deposits removed

Слайд 17

Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Western Australia

Слайд 18

Undisturbed land
Overburden
Highwall
Coal seam
Overburden
Pit
Bench
Coal seam
Spoil banks

Слайд 19

Natural Capital Degradation: Mountaintop Coal Mining in West Virginia, U.S.

Слайд 20

Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1)
Scarring and disruption of the land

surface
E.g., spoils banks
Loss of rivers and streams
Subsidence
road built over old mine shafts created a sinkhole

Слайд 21

Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2)
Major pollution of water and air
Effect

on aquatic life
Large amounts of solid waste
EPA cites that mining has polluted 40% of western watersheds.
In US, mining produces more toxic emissions than any other industry

Слайд 22

Banks of Waste or Spoils Created by Coal Area Strip Mining

in Colorado, U.S.

Слайд 23

Kumtor Gold Mine

Слайд 24

Illegal Gold Mine

Слайд 25

Ecological Restoration of a Mining Site in New Jersey, U.S.

Слайд 26

Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1)
Ore extracted by

mining
Ore mineral- a rock deposit that contains enough mineral to make it feasible to mine
Gangue- commercially worthless material that is mixed in with the ore
Smelting – obtaining ore by heating at high temperatures in an enclosed furnace
Water pollution- ARD (acid rock drainage) --when sulfur containing rocks are exposed to air and water and create sulfuric acid

Слайд 27

Removing Meals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2)
Liquid and solid

hazardous wastes produced
Use of cyanide salt to extract gold from its ore
Summitville gold mine: Colorado, U.S.

Слайд 28

Natural Capital Degradation: Summitville Gold Mining Site in Colorado, U.S.

Слайд 29

How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last?
Concept: All

nonrenewable mineral resources exist in finite amounts, and as we get closer to depleting any mineral resource, the environmental impacts of extracting it generally become more harmful.
Concept: An increase in the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to increased supplies and more efficient use of the mineral, but there are limits to this effect.

Слайд 30

Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1)
Most of the nonrenewable mineral resources

supplied by
United States
Canada
Russia
South Africa -Au, Cr, Pt
Australia
US, Germany and Russia have 8% of world’s population and consume about 75% of the most widely used metals

Слайд 31

Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (2)
Strategic metal resources- essential for the

country’s economy and military strength. The US has little of these metals and must import them.
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)
Chromium (Cr)
Platinum (Pt)

Слайд 32

Science Focus: The Nanotechnology Revolution
Nanotechnology, tiny tech- using science and technology

to manipulate and create materials out of atoms and molecules at the ultra-small scale (1/100 the width of a human hair. 1 nanometer = 1x10-9 m)
Nanomaterials are used in over 400 consumer products such as stain resistant coating on clothes, cosmetics and sunscreens

Слайд 33

Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted
Future supply

depends on
Actual or potential supply of the mineral
Rate at which it is used
When it becomes economically depleted
Recycle or reuse existing supplies
Waste less
Use less
Find a substitute
Do without

Слайд 34

Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals
Subsidies and tax breaks to

mining companies keep mineral prices artificially low. This decreases recycling/reusing, increases mining waste/pollution and decreases incentives to find alternative minerals.

Слайд 35

Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872
Encouraged mineral exploration

and mining of hard-rock minerals (Au, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ag, U) on U.S. public lands
Developed to encourage settling the West (1800s)
Until 1995, land could be bought for 1872 prices
(Built golf courses, hotels, subdivisions and then sold to private companies. Much of this land contains mineral resources)
Companies must pay for clean-up now

Слайд 36

Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer?
Factors that limit the mining of

lower-grade ores
Increased cost of mining and processing larger volumes of ore
Availability of freshwater
Environmental impact
(EX: copper ore contained 5% Cu by weight in 1900, now only 0.5%)
Improve mining technology
Use microorganisms, in situ (in place)
Slow process
What about genetic engineering of the microbes?

Слайд 37

Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean?

(1)

Mineral resources dissolved in the ocean-low concentrations (Mg, Br, NaCl)
Deposits of minerals in sediments along the shallow continental shelf and near shorelines
(sand, gravel, phosphates, S, Sn, Cu, Fe...)

Слайд 38

Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean?

(2)

Hydrothermal ore deposits – minerals dissolved in the hot water and then precipitate out around the vent after cooling. Too expensive to mine and who owns these deposits?
Metals from the ocean floor: manganese nodules
Effect of mining on aquatic life
Environmental impact

Слайд 39

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??????
Making new materials by manipulating atoms and molecules

is called ______.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
What type of rock is the Earth’s crust composed?
IGNEOUS
Obtaining ore by heating at high temperatures in an enclosed furnace is the process of ____.
SMELTING

Слайд 40

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??????
Rocks formed by heat and pressure are ___.
METAMORPHIC
Most

mining is done by ____ mining.
SURFACE
A rock that contains enough of a mineral to mine profitably is termed ___.
ORE
Banks of waste (hills like waves of rubble) created by strip mining are called ____.
SPOIL BANKS

Слайд 41

How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability?
Concept: We can try

to find substitutes for scarce resources, reduce resource waste, and recycle and reuse minerals.

Слайд 42

We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1)
Materials revolution-

silicon, plastics, ceramics and nanotechnology substitutions
Styrofoam blocks sprayed with (Grancrete) a ceramic spray is 2x stronger than structural concrete and doesn’t leak or crack. Reduces house costs and saves trees

Слайд 43

We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (2)
Plastics have

replaced copper steel and lead in much piping.
Fiber optic glass cables are replacing Cu and Al wires in telephone cables
High-strength plastics used in autos and aerospace industries are replacing metals and are less expensive
Making plastics are energy intensive.

Слайд 44

The earth’s crust

Содержание

How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled?The three major types of rocks

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1)Earth’s crustComposed of minerals

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2)Igneous – forms the

The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very SlowlyRock cycleThe slowest of the

The rock cycle

What Are Mineral Resources, and what are their Environmental Effects?Concept: Some

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesMineral resource (concentration of

Mineral Categories Rock-forming minerals Most common minerals in the Earth’s crust, e.g.

Mineral Categories (cont.) Ore minerals Minerals from which metals or other elements

QUARTZ –SiO2Quartz is the most common mineral on Earth. It is

Mineral tests and observationsColor is as variable as the spectrum, but

Mineral Use Has Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages of the processes of mining

Stepped Art

NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATIONExtracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy ResourcesStepsEnvironmental

There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1)Surface mining- 90%

Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Western Australia

Undisturbed landOverburdenHighwallCoal seamOverburdenPitBenchCoal seamSpoil banks

Natural Capital Degradation: Mountaintop Coal Mining in West Virginia, U.S.

Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1)Scarring and disruption of the land

Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2)Major pollution of water and airEffect

Banks of Waste or Spoils Created by Coal Area Strip Mining

Kumtor Gold Mine

Illegal Gold Mine

Ecological Restoration of a Mining Site in New Jersey, U.S.

Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1)Ore extracted by

Removing Meals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2)Liquid and solid

Natural Capital Degradation: Summitville Gold Mining Site in Colorado, U.S.

How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last? Concept: All

Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1)Most of the nonrenewable mineral resources

Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (2)Strategic metal resources- essential for the

Science Focus: The Nanotechnology RevolutionNanotechnology, tiny tech- using science and technology

Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted Future supply

Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable MineralsSubsidies and tax breaks to

Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872Encouraged mineral exploration

Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer?Factors that limit the mining of

Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean?

Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean?

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??????Making new materials by manipulating atoms and molecules

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??????Rocks formed by heat and pressure are ___.METAMORPHICMost

How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability?Concept: We can try

We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1)Materials revolution-

We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (2)Plastics have

Solutions: Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals

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