Terrorism and Homeland Security. The middle east and africa

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Middle East” a Eurocentric and Western perspective

country behind Algeria
2 million square miles inhabited by 26 million people.
Most land is uninhabitable desert, only 1.45% of land mass designated as arable
Official language is Arabic.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

of the country’s budget revenue

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Kaaba in Mecca

Wahhab played the major roles in the formation of Saudi Kingdom.
In 1517 Ottomans conquered the land.
In 1803 the Saudi army defeated Sherif Hussain of Mecca.
1818, Saudi-Wahhabi stronghold of Dir’aiyah was conquered.
1902, Ibn Saud captured the city of Riyadh.
1925, Mecca and Medina were captured by Sauds.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Abdulaziz Ibn Al Saud

and 19th centuries.
Reject traditional scholars, scholarship and practices under the aim of "reviving the true tenets of Islam“.
Gradually from 1920 until today, it flourished.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Islamism.
Ayman al- Zawahiri, Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

groups.
After al-Qaeda's September 11, 2001, attacks on America, the United States launched a war in Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda.
Establishment of an Islamic State.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Arabia.
Osama and pan-Islamist scholar Abdullah Azzam.
In 1988, founded AL-Qaeda.
In 1998, Bin Laden declared ‘war’ against the US.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Osama bin Laden

States), Bin Laden was killed by a team of Navy SEALs in Pakistan.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

and AQAP (Al- Queda in the Arabian Peninsula

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

assassination of the President Anwar Sadat by a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 1981 was a pivotal event in the Egyptian history.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

groups that are designated as terrorist groups by the Egyptian Government:
Muslim Brotherhood,
Gama’a al Islamiyya (IG),
and Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ).

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Hassan al Banna.
Banna created a paramilitary wing (Al Nizam el Hass.
Assasination of Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi in 1948.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Hassan al Banna

Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi

protests in Cairo's Tahrir Square during the Arab Spring in 2011.
Muslim Brothers’ newly formed Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) won nearly half the seats in the Parliament.
Morsi was overthrown by the Egyptian Army in 2013.

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group is responsible for many acts of violence, including the November 1997 Luxor massacre.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Shaykh Umar Abd al- Rahman

in 2011.
Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Ayman al-Zawahiri

in 2011.
Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie.
Attack to U.S. Consulate in Benghazi in 2012.
Elections held 2012.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.

is Arabic.
In 1827, the French invasion.

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
1) Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
2) Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

of Islamic Courts)
7,000 and 9,000 fighters
2002 attack on an Israeli-owned hotel .
threw grenades into a church in Kenya, 2011.
Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi, 2013

Capron, Terrorism and Homeland Security © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.