Содержание
- 2. Plan 0. Solutions and their colligative properties 1. The theory of electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation of bases,
- 19. Theory of electrolytic dissociation (Arrhenius’ theory). Protolytic theory (Bronsted – Lowry’ theory). Electronic theory (Lewis’ theory).
- 20. The theory of electrolytic dissociation
- 22. Electrolytic dissociation – process of decomposition of solutes in the solvent into ions.
- 23. 1) Substances dissociating in solutions or melts into positively charged Cat+(cations) and negatively charged An- (anions).
- 24. Dissociation of bases, acides and salts in water solutions
- 25. Acides are compounds dissociating in aqueous solutions with the formation of positive ions of one species
- 26. Strong and weak electrolytes
- 27. Degree of dissociation α Ni - the number of molecules, dissociating into ions; Ntot – the
- 29. Strong electrolytes Majority of salts. Some acids (HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4). Alkalis (LiOH, NaOH,
- 30. Weak electrolytes Majority of acids and bases (H2S, H2CO3, Al(OH)3, NH4OH).
- 31. The dissociation of weak electrolytes is a reversible process CatAn Cat+ + An-
- 32. The equilibrium constant K is called the dissociation (ionization) constant
- 33. Ostwald dilution law Because in solutions of weak electrolytes, degree of dissociation of a very small
- 34. Acidity and basicity constants The dissociation constants of acids and bases, respectively called acidity constants (KA)
- 36. Dissociation of water H2O H+ + OH-
- 37. Kw is constant, ion product of water.
- 38. Hydrogen ion exponent pH= -lg [H+]
- 39. pH Measurement indicators pH - meters
- 41. Protolytic theory Danish physicist and chemist Johannes Brønsted and the English chemist Thomas Lowry in 1928-1929
- 42. Base - a substance (particle) that can attach proton (i.e. base - proton acceptor). Acid- a
- 43. Salt - the reaction product of acid and base Example: Conjugated acid Conjugated base By this
- 44. The homeostasis. The importancy of pH maintenance in human body The human body has mechanisms of
- 45. The constancy of hydrogen ions concentration is one of important constant of internal medium of organism,
- 46. pH values of different biological fluids and tissues of the human body
- 47. The concept of buffer solutions Buffer solutions are solutions that resist change in hydrogen ion and
- 49. The resistive action is the result of the equilibrium between the weak acid (HA) and its
- 50. Henderson-Hasselbah equation
- 51. Buffer capacity Buffer capacity (B) - the number of moles of equivalents of strong acid or
- 52. Buffer capacity Buffer capacity is maximal at a ratio of acid salt 1:1 => pH =
- 53. The relative contribution% buffer systems in the blood to maintain homeostasis it protolytic Buffer systems plasma
- 54. Hydrocarbonate buffer system HCO3- +H+ H2CO3 H2CO3+OH- HCO3-+ H2O CO2+ H2O H2CO3
- 55. pKa1(H2CO3)=6.1 pH of a blood plasma = 7.4
- 56. Alkaline reserve HCO3-+ H+ H2CO3 CO2+ H2O
- 57. Phosphate buffer system HPO42-+H+ H2PO4- H2PO4-+OH- HPO42-+H2O
- 58. The mechanism of action of phosphate buffer: 1. acid addition 2 Na++HPO42–+H++Cl -→ NaH2PO4+Na++Cl - 2.
- 59. pKa(H2PO4-)=6.8 pH of a blood plasma = 7.4
- 60. Protein buffer systems The plasma proteins (albumins, globulins) are less important than the hemoglobin for maintenance
- 61. PROTEIN acid-base buffer system
- 62. Hemoglobin buffer system
- 64. Hemoglobin acid-base buffer system BLOOD
- 65. Binding of hydrogen cations imidazole groups of hemoglobin.
- 66. Hemoglobin buffer system HHb + O2 HHbO2 Hemoglobin is a weaker acid (pKa HHb = 8.2)
- 67. a) the hemoglobin buffer system: HHb H+ + Hb-; b) the buffer system formed by oxyhemoglobin:
- 68. In erythrocytes: HHbO2 HHb + O2 (1) HHbO2 H+ + HbO2- (2) HbO2- Hb- + O2
- 69. In vessels of tissues
- 71. In vessels of tissues CO2+ H2O H2CO3 HbO2-+ H2CO3 HHbO2 + HCO3- HHbO2 HHb + O2
- 72. In lungs
- 74. In lungs HHb + O2 HHbO2 HHbO2+ HCO3- HbO2-+ H2CO3 H2CO3 CO2+ H2O
- 75. Acidosis and alkalosis
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