Introduction to database management systems

Сентябрь 4, 2022

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Introduction to database management systems

Содержание

2. What is database A database is a collection of structured data. A database captures an abstract
3. What is DBMS A DBMS is a (usually complex) piece of software that sits in front
4. SCHEMA
5. Brief History The first general-purpose DBMS designed by Charles Bachman at General Electric in the early
6. Types of Databases Hierarchical database Network database Relational database Object-oriented database NoSQL Graph Oriented Database -
7. HIERARCHICAL DATABASE A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships among data in the
8. NETWORK DATABASE A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships among data
9. RELATIONAL DATABASE A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS if the database
10. OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASE Object-oriented databases use small, reusable chunks of software called objects. The objects themselves are
11. FILE SYSTEMS VERSUS A DBMS Data independence – physical storage system is hidden from the final
12. LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION Conceptual Entities and Relations between Them Physical File organization, storage selection for different
13. Queries in a DBMS A very attractive feature of the relational model is that it supports
14. TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT Airline reservations when one travel agent looks up Flight 100 on some given day
15. Concurrency, Control and Recovery Every object that is read or written by a transaction is first
17. TWO CONCEPTUAL USERS OF DBMS Application programmers Database Administrators where administrators responsibilities are often next: Design
18. Questions What are the main benefits of using a DBMS to manage data in applications involving
21. Practical case - MAFIA
22. I need to store information about people that work for me (soldiers, caporegime, etc..) organizations I
23. I will need to share some of this information with external organizations I work with, protecting
24. What data to store
25. What to Consider
26. What to represent:, what are the key entities in the real world I need to represent?
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What is database
A database is a collection of structured data. A

database captures an abstract representation of the domain of an application.
Typically organized as “records” (traditionally, large numbers, on disk)
and relationships between records

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What is DBMS
A DBMS is a (usually complex) piece of software

that sits in front of a collection of data, and mediates applications accesses to the data, guaranteeing many properties about the data and the accesses.

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SCHEMA

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Brief History
The first general-purpose DBMS designed by Charles Bachman at General

Electric in the early 1960s, and formed the basis for network database model
In the late 1960s, IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS), and formed the basis for hierarchical database model
In 1970, Edgar Codd, at IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory, proposed a new data representation framework called the relational data model
SQL was standardized in the late 1980s, and the current standard, SQL:1999, was adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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Types of Databases
Hierarchical database
Network database
Relational database
Object-oriented database
NoSQL
Graph Oriented Database - OrientDB
Column

Oriented Database - HBase
Document Oriented Database - MongoDB

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HIERARCHICAL DATABASE
A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships

among data in the database are established in such a way that one data item is present as the subordinate of another one.
Here subordinate means that items have 'parent-child' relationships among them. Direct relationships exist between any two records that are stored consecutively. The data structure "tree" is followed by the DBMS to structure the database. No backward movement is possible/allowed in the hierarchical database.

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NETWORK DATABASE
A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if

the relationships among data in the database are of type many-to-many.
The relationships among many-to-many appears in the form of a network. Thus the structure of a network database is extremely complicated because of these many-to-many relationships in which one record can be used as a key of the entire database. A network database is structured in the form of a graph that is also a data structure.

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RELATIONAL DATABASE
A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or

RDBMS if the database relationships are treated in the form of a table. there are three keys on relational DBMS 1)relation 2)domain 3)attributes.
A network means it contains fundamental constructs sets or records.sets contains one to many relationship, records contains fields statical table that is composed of rows and columns is used to organize the database and its structure and is actually a two dimension array in the computer memory. A number of RDBMSs are available, some popular examples are Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, and Microsoft Access.

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OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASE
Object-oriented databases use small, reusable chunks of software called objects.

The objects themselves are stored in the object-oriented database. Each object consists of two elements: 1) a piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics), and 2) the instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data.
Object-oriented databases have two disadvantages. First, they are more costly to develop. Second, most organizations are reluctant to abandon or convert from those databases that they have already invested money in developing and implementing. However, the benefits to object-oriented databases are compelling. The ability to mix and match reusable objects provides incredible multimedia capability.

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FILE SYSTEMS VERSUS A DBMS
Data independence – physical storage system is

hidden from the final user
Efficient Data access – the procedures to store and extract data handled by the DBMS core
Data Integrity and Security – Intrinsic Authentications and Authorizations. Relations of the entities monitored by DBMS
Data Administration
Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery
Application Development Time

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LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
Conceptual
Entities and Relations between Them
Physical
File organization, storage selection

for different kind of DBMS elemtns like indexes, relations,
External
Usually interpreted like business cases level where conceptual schema transformed to the business needs

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Queries in a DBMS
A very attractive feature of the relational model

is that it supports powerful query languages. Relational calculus is a formal query language based on mathematical logic, and queries in this language have an intuitive, precise meaning. Relational algebra is another formal query language, based on a collection of operators for manipulating relations, which is equivalent in power to the calculus.
Data Description Language
Data Manipulation Language

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TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
Airline reservations
when one travel agent looks up Flight 100 on

some given day and finds an empty seat, another travel agent may simultaneously be making a reservation for that seat, thereby making the information seen by the first agent obsolete.
Bank’s database
While one user's application program is computing the total deposits, another application may transfer money from an account that the first application has just 'seen' to an account that has not yet been seen, thereby causing the total to appear larger than it should be.

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Concurrency, Control and Recovery
Every object that is read or written by

a transaction is first locked in shared
or exclusive mode, respectively. Placing a lock on an object restricts its
availability to other transactions and thereby affects performance.
For efficient log maintenance, the DBMS must be able to selectively force
a collection of pages in main memory to disk. Operating system support
for this operation is not always satisfactory.
Periodic checkpointing can reduce the time needed to recover from a crash. Of course, this must be balanced against the fact that checkpointing too often slows down normal execution.

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TWO CONCEPTUAL USERS OF DBMS
Application programmers
Database Administrators where administrators responsibilities are

often next:
Design of the Conceptual and Physical Schemas
Security and Authorization
Data Availability and Recovery from Failures
Database Tuning

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Questions
What are the main benefits of using a DBMS to manage

data in applications involving extensive data access?
When would you store data in a DBMS instead of in operating system files and vice-versa?
What is a data model? What is the relational data model? What is data independence and how does a DBMS support it?
Explain the advantages of using a query language instead of custom programs to process data.
What is a transaction? What guarantees does a DBMS offer with respect to transactions?
What are locks in a DBMS, and why are they used? What is write-ahead logging, and why is it used? What is checkpointing and why is it used?
Identify the main components in a DBMS and briefly explain what they do.
Explain the different roles of database administrators, application programmers, and end users of a database. Who needs to know the most about database systems?

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Practical case - MAFIA

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I need to store information about
people that work for me (soldiers,

caporegime, etc..)
organizations I do business with (police, ’Ndrangheta, politicians)
completed and open operations:
protection rackets
arms trafficking
drug trafficking
loan sharking
control of contracting/politics
I need to avoid that any of my man is involved in burglary, mugging, kidnapping (too much police attention)
cover-up operations/businesses
money laundry and funds tracking
assignment of soldiers to operations
etc...

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I will need to share some of this information with external

organizations I work with, protecting some of the information.

Therefore I need:
the boss, underboss and consigliere should be able to access all the data and do any kind of operations (assign soldiers to operations, create or shutdown operations, pay cops, check the total state of money movements, etc...)
the accountants (20 of them) access to perform money book-keeping (track money laundering operations, move money from bank to bank, report bribing expenses)
the soldiers (5000) need to report daily misdeeds in a daily-log, and report money expenses and collections
the semi-public interface accessible by other bosses I collaborate with (search for cops on our books, check areas we already cover, etc..)

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What data to store

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What to Consider

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What to represent:, what are the key entities in the real

world I need to represent? how many details?
How to store data: maybe we can use just files: people.txt, organizations.txt, operations.txt, money.txt, daily-log.txt. Each files contains a textual representation of the information with one item per line.
Control access credentials at low granularity: accountants should know about money movement, but not the names and addresses of our soldiers. Soldiers should know about operations, but not access money information
How to access data: we could write a separate procedural program opening one or more files, scanning through them and reading/writing information in them.
Access patterns and performance: how to find shop we didn’t collected money from for the longest time (and at least 1 month)? scan the huge operation file, sort by time, pick the oldest, measure time? (need to be timely or they will stop paying, and this get the boss mad... you surely don’t want that, and make sure no one is accessing it right now). “Tony Schifezza” is a mole, we need to find all the operations and people he was involved or knew about and shut them down... quick... like REAL quick!!!

Introduction to database management systems

Содержание

What is databaseA database is a collection of structured data. A

What is DBMSA DBMS is a (usually complex) piece of software

SCHEMA

Brief HistoryThe first general-purpose DBMS designed by Charles Bachman at General

Types of DatabasesHierarchical databaseNetwork databaseRelational databaseObject-oriented databaseNoSQLGraph Oriented Database - OrientDBColumn

HIERARCHICAL DATABASEA DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships

NETWORK DATABASEA DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if

RELATIONAL DATABASEA DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or

OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASEObject-oriented databases use small, reusable chunks of software called objects.

FILE SYSTEMS VERSUS A DBMSData independence – physical storage system is

LEVELS OF ABSTRACTIONConceptualEntities and Relations between ThemPhysical File organization, storage selection

Queries in a DBMSA very attractive feature of the relational model

TRANSACTION MANAGEMENTAirline reservationswhen one travel agent looks up Flight 100 on

Concurrency, Control and RecoveryEvery object that is read or written by

TWO CONCEPTUAL USERS OF DBMSApplication programmersDatabase Administrators where administrators responsibilities are

QuestionsWhat are the main benefits of using a DBMS to manage