19th century Britain

Август 2, 2022

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19th century Britain

Содержание

2. Britain at the start of the 19th century A constitutional monarchy – head of state is
3. Regency Period Transition between Georgian&Victorian era (linked to the personality of King George IV) Period of
4. Peterloo massacre The Peterloo Massacre – a demonstration at St Peter's Field, Manchester on 16 August
5. Queen Victoria (1819-1901)
6. Victorian era: age of contrasts Long period of overall prosperity Unprecedented technological progress Rapid change in
7. The life of Queen Victoria Queen at 18; the monarchy was unpopular at the time. However,
8. Prince Albert Despite the happy marriage to Victoria, his position was difficult Unpopular in the political
9. Films about Victoria and Albert The Young Victoria (about her early years with Albert) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-YPoBU7_aQ Mrs
10. The Great Exhibition of 1851 An event demonstrating Britain’s position as the world’s industrial leader Organized
11. Political scene – a brief look 19th century Britain – constitutional monarchy > monarch has few
12. Disraeli and gladstone
13. Queen’s favourite Prime Minister (Dizzy) Of Jewish origin, a wit, a dandy and a brilliant speaker
14. William Ewart Gladstone I Disraeli’s opposite > earnest, deeply religious, obsessed with morality People’s champion >
15. Gladstone’s project of saving prostitues What Gladstone did when he accosted a prostitute was to offer
16. The Class system – Upper class Old aristocracy (traditional landed families, derive their wealth and power
17. The class system – middle class Experiencing a golden age of opportunity Businesspeople, office employees, doctors,
18. The class system – the working class Highly stratified – from skilled workers (better paid, more
19. Origins of working-class movement – the Chartists The "People's Charter," drafted by William Lovett in 1838
20. Chartists demonstrating
22. Скачать презентацию

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Britain at the start of the 19th century
A constitutional monarchy

– head of state is the monarch but real power is in the hands of the Parliament
However, the right to vote – limited to wealthy landowners (an oligarchy rather than parliamentary democracy
A country undergoing industrial revolution > transformation of both the economy and the society (vast migration from the countryside to the cities
, change of work patte
rns and family life, creation of urban working class)
The main character of society – rigid class structure and vast differences in wealth
A country with an expanding empire, which fuels its economic growth

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Regency Period
Transition between Georgian&Victorian era (linked to the personality of King

George IV)
Period of aristocratic excess and hedonism, but also Napoleonic wars and mass poverty (made worse by the protectionist Corn Laws making f ood imports expensive to protect local farmers)
A culturally and politically distinct period:
Architecture – especially the work of John Nash
The Brighton Pavillion
Buckingham Palace
Regent Park in London … etc.
Literature (Jane Austen, the Romantics)

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Peterloo massacre
The Peterloo Massacre – a demonstration at St Peter's Field,

Manchester on 16 August 1819
aim = to demand the reform of parliamentary representation
Incident = cavalry charged ino a crowd of 60,000–80,000
15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. The massacre was named Peterloo in a comparison with the battle of Waterloo which had taken place four years earlier.
Historian Robert Poole has called the Peterloo Massacre one of the “defining moments of its age”.

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Queen Victoria (1819-1901)

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Victorian era: age of contrasts
Long period of overall prosperity
Unprecedented

technological progress
Rapid change in most aspects of life
Advances in science and philosophy
Peace at home
Emphasis on morality

Age of stark social differences
Millions live in poverty
Traditional values and idealized vision of the past
Religion/spirituality still central to people’s lives
Wars abroad
Double moral standards

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The life of Queen Victoria
Queen at 18; the monarchy was

unpopular at the time. However, Victoria turned this around.
Her personality in her young years > keen sense of humour, loved to laugh, sensual
After marrying Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg&Gotha > she lost much of her vivaciousness and became more prudish and matron-like
Her beloved husband - a huge impact on her, shaping her public persona from behind the scenes
After his death in 1861 > Victoria goes into mourning for the rest of her life

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Prince Albert
Despite the happy marriage to Victoria, his position was

difficult
Unpopular in the political circles > never given the title of King (instead, “Prince Consort”)
Keen supporter of science, arts and industry
Encourages Victoria to take interest in social issues
His biggest achievement – the Great Exhibition of 1851
After his death > Victoria names buildings and institutions after him

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Films about Victoria and Albert
The Young Victoria (about her early

years with Albert)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-YPoBU7_aQ
Mrs Brown (starring Judi Dench … about Victoria’s relationship with ther Scottish servant in her later years)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9QmjglssQE&feature=related

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The Great Exhibition of 1851
An event demonstrating Britain’s position as

the world’s industrial leader
Organized by Prince Albert and others as a celebration of industrial technologies and design
Held for 141 days in the specially built Crystal Palace
A great success; over 6 million visitors, including Darwin and writers Charlotte Bronte and Lewis Carroll

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Political scene – a brief look
19th century Britain – constitutional

monarchy > monarch has few powers and is expected to remain above party politics
Political trends :
Conservatism: land and traditional values, opposition to change, loyalty to monarchy and support of the Church of England; government for the people
Liberalism: freedom of the individual, reform, free trade > laissez faire, support of smaller non-Anglican churches; government by the people
Two corresponding parties > Tories and Whigs

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Disraeli and gladstone

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Queen’s favourite Prime Minister (Dizzy)
Of Jewish origin, a wit, a

dandy and a brilliant speaker
A lover of Orient and the Empire > responsible for making Victoria the Empress of India, plus gaining a majority of shares in Suez
Social concerns too > his governments improved work and living conditions of the poor
A writer as well as politician > his novel Sibyl, or the Two Nations > deals with the plight of the British working class

Benjamin Disraeli

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William Ewart Gladstone I
Disraeli’s opposite > earnest, deeply religious, obsessed

with morality
People’s champion > popular with the lower classes
A Liberal > a believer in free trade; opponent of Socialism
It was not just his belief in free trade: it was his recognition that a complicated structure of taxation could only impede prosperity. He understood what it would take monetarists another century to demonstrate again: that if you cut taxes, you raise more revenue, because of the provision of the incentive to work and take risks.
Simon Heffer: How the great Mr Gladstone saved our fallen country .
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/simonheffer/6868274/How-the-great-Mr-Gladstone-saved-our-fallen-country.html
His other causes:
Education > compulsory education to the age of 12
Scepticism about imperialism > attempts to give Home Rule to Ireland (unsuccessfully)
Rehabilitation of the underclass (especially prostitutes)

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Gladstone’s project of saving prostitues
What Gladstone did when he accosted

a prostitute was to offer her a place to sleep, protection from any bully or “mackerel” who might be exploiting her, and an opportunity to think over the following handsome proposition: If she wished to do so, on due consideration, she could go to the home or hostel Gladstone helped to maintain, to stay there, eating three square meals a day and receiving any medical attention she might need, until she was in a fit state to take up the job that Gladstone’s assistants and associates undertook to find for her. If the prostitute found any of this attractive, Gladstone would escort her to his home where she would spend the night under Mrs. Gladstone’s care. If she so wished, she would be taken to the hostel on the following day, and she would remain there until the promised job was found for her. When it was, she was given a complete outfit of new clothing and sent off to make a fresh start in life with a reasonable chance of success.
Anthony West http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/oct/06/gladstones-prostitutes-2/

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The Class system – Upper class
Old aristocracy (traditional landed families, derive

their wealth and power from land ownership)
New aristocracy (from trade, finance and industry) > often assembled through marriage but never the same prestige (they gained their wealth through “work”)

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The class system – middle class
Experiencing a golden age of opportunity
Businesspeople,

office employees, doctors, lawyers, academics
Comfortable lifestyle
Rising consumerism
Strict family values and spirit of “self-help”

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The class system – the working class
Highly stratified – from skilled

workers (better paid, more job security) to unskilled and seasonal workers (living in acute poverty)
Life in slums with almost no sanitation > high mortality
Child labour was widespread
The poorest > confined to workhouses
Throughout the 19th century – conditions gradually improve due to legislation and social reform

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Origins of working-class movement – the Chartists
The "People's Charter," drafted by

William Lovett in 1838 –the main programme of working-class movement after the Reform Act 1832. The Chartists' six main demands were:
votes for all men;
equal electoral districts;
abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners;
payment for M.P.s;
annual general elections; and
the secret ballot.

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