Sound changes in old english. (Lecture 2)

Август 2, 2022

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Sound changes in old english. (Lecture 2)

Содержание

2. AN OUTLINE I. Mechanisms of linguistic change II. OE Vocalism III. OE consonant system
3. II. OE Vocalism 1) Qualitative changes: PG correspondences; Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a; OE Breaking;
4. III. OE consonant system 1) West Germanic germination of consonants 2) Palatalisation and assibilation 3) Voicing
5. All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?
6. I. MECHANISMS OF LINGUISTIC CHANGE geographic or climatic biological or racial fashion minimization of effort the
7. ALTERATIONS: Qualitative // quantitative; Dependent // independent
8. II. OLD ENGLISH VOCALISM 1) QUALITATIVE CHANGES PG correspondences Gth. ai – OE a: e.g. Gth.
9. ANGLO-FRISIAN BRIGHTENING (OR FIRST FRONTING) The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from
10. RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTION Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long
11. RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTION Nominative dæġ dagas Accusative dæġ dæġ Genitive dæġes daga Dative dæġe
12. OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (before r,
13. OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE Gth. kalds – WS ceald For further references see pg. 78-80 //
14. It is mostly carried out in the West Saxon and Kentish dialects and the Anglian dialects
15. PALATALISATION / PALATAL DIPHTHONGIZATION OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants
16. FRONT MUTATION OR I-UMLAUT It was a series of changes to vowels which took place when
18. Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English:
19. i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels: [y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation; Diphthongs
20. VELAR UMLAUT It was the diphthongization caused by an unstressed back vowel (u, o, a) in
21. VELAR UMLAUT i > io hira > hiora (their) e > eo hefon > heofon a
22. QUANTITATIVE CHANGES Contraction Lengthening
23. CONTRACTION e/æ + h+ vowel = ea eo + h + vowel = eo e.g. slæhan
24. LENGTHENING Vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ld, mb Cf. bindan > bīndan Cild >
25. In classical Old English there were seven long vowels and seven corresponding short vowels.
26. I(:) y (:) u (:) e(:) o(:) Æ(:) a(:)
27. OE CONSONANT SYSTEM Perhaps the most obvious difference between Old English and present-day English is the
28. In all WG languages at an early stage of their independent history, most consonants were lengthened
29. The change didn’t affect the sonorant [r], e.g. OE werian; nor did it operate if the
30. PALATALISATION AND ASSIBILATION The process by which the velar consonant is fronted is called palatalisation The
31. In a similar way, the cluster sc, as in scip (ship), became palatalized; By the 9th
32. 3) VOICING AND DEVOICING OF FRICATIVES In the meantime the PG set of voiceless fricatives [f,θ,
33. e.g. OE cweðan [ð] between vowels and OE cwæð [θ] at the end of the word;
34. 4) METATHESIS Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds exchanging their places. It
35. 5) LOSS OF CONSONANTS IN SOME POSITIONS Nasal consonants were lost before fricative consonants (h, f,
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AN OUTLINE
I. Mechanisms of linguistic change
II. OE Vocalism
III. OE consonant system

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II. OE Vocalism
1) Qualitative changes:
PG correspondences;
Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of

a;
OE Breaking;
Palatalisation;
I-umlaut;
U-umlaut, velar umlaut
2) Quantitative changes:
Contraction
Lengthening

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III. OE consonant system
1) West Germanic germination of consonants
2) Palatalisation and

assibilation
3) Voicing and devoicing of fricatives
4) Metathesis
5) Loss of consonants in some positions

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All living languages undergo changes.
What causes such changes?

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I. MECHANISMS OF LINGUISTIC CHANGE
geographic or climatic
biological or racial
fashion
minimization of

effort
the influence of other languages
human inventions
changes in social culture and moral values

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ALTERATIONS:
Qualitative // quantitative;
Dependent // independent

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II. OLD ENGLISH VOCALISM 1) QUALITATIVE CHANGES
PG correspondences
Gth. ai – OE a:

e.g. Gth. stains – OE stān (stone)
Gth. ei – OE i:
e.g. Gth. meins – OE mīn (mine)
Gth. au– OE ea:
Gth. eu – OE eo:
Gth. iu – OE io:
for greater understanding go to the chart on p. 12 [Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. Практикум по истории английского языка. – Cпб., 2005]

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ANGLO-FRISIAN BRIGHTENING (OR FIRST FRONTING)
The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound

change in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m).
Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ

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RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTION
Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and

in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel (a, o, u)
in the following syllable.
Cf. Dæġ and dagas

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RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTION
Nominative dæġ dagas
Accusative dæġ dæġ
Genitive dæġes daga
Dative

dæġe dagum
For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

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OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE
it is diphthongization of short vowels before

certain consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant and before h final).
It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.

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OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE
Gth. kalds – WS ceald
For further

references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

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It is mostly carried out in the West Saxon and Kentish

dialects and
the Anglian dialects have unbroken vowels
Cf. WS and Kentish ceald “cold” and the Anglian dialects cald
Breaking produced a new set of vowels in OE = the short [ea] and [eo].

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PALATALISATION / PALATAL DIPHTHONGIZATION
OE vowels also change under the influence

of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’] and cluster sc [sc’].
As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.:
OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’
For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

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FRONT MUTATION OR I-UMLAUT
It was a series of changes

to vowels which took place when there was an i, ī or j in the following syllable.
Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.

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Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English.
Examples

of i-umlaut in Mod English: food and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.

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i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:
[y] and

[y:] arose from palatal mutation;
Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]
For further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

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VELAR UMLAUT
It was the diphthongization caused by an unstressed

back vowel (u, o, a) in the following syllable, when only a single consonant intervened.

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VELAR UMLAUT
i > io hira > hiora (their)
e > eo

hefon > heofon
a > ea saru > searu (armour)
For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

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QUANTITATIVE CHANGES
Contraction
Lengthening

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CONTRACTION
e/æ + h+ vowel = ea
eo + h +

vowel = eo
e.g. slæhan > slehan > sleaan > slean

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LENGTHENING
Vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ld, mb
Cf.

bindan > bīndan
Cild > cīld but cildru = because the cluster is followed by another consonant

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In classical Old English there were seven long vowels and seven

corresponding short vowels.

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I(:) y (:) u (:)
e(:) o(:)
Æ(:) a(:)

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OE CONSONANT SYSTEM
Perhaps the most obvious difference between Old English

and present-day English is the existence in the former of geminate consonants.
1) West Germanic germination of consonants

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In all WG languages at an early stage of their independent

history, most consonants were lengthened after a short vowel before [j]. This process is known as WG germination or doubling of consonants, the resulting long consonants are indicated by means of double letters:
e.g. fuljan > OE fyllan.

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The change didn’t affect the sonorant [r],
e.g. OE werian;
nor

did it operate if the consonant was preceded by a long vowel
e.g. OE dēmjan – OE dēman

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PALATALISATION AND ASSIBILATION
The process by which the velar consonant is fronted

is called palatalisation
The velar consonants [k, g, x, γ] were palatalized before a front vowel (e, I, y).
e.g. OE cild [k] was softened to [k’] as it stood before the front vowel [i].

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In a similar way, the cluster sc, as in scip (ship),

became palatalized;
By the 9th century, however, the new palatal stops had developed into the palato-alveolar affricates. The affricate development is usually called assibilation.
e.g. OE cild [k] was softened to [k’] at it stood before the front vowel [i]. in Late OE it may have reached the stage of [t∫]

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3) VOICING AND DEVOICING OF FRICATIVES
In the meantime the PG

set of voiceless fricatives [f,θ, x, s] was subjected to a new process of voicing and devoicing.
In early OE they became or remained voiced intervocally (between vowels), sonorants and voiced consonants; they became or remained voiceless in other environments, namely, initially, finally and next to other voiceless consonants:

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e.g. OE cweðan [ð] between vowels and OE cwæð [θ] at

the end of the word;
OE Nom, Acc case – wīf, Gen – wīfes
OE spelling does not distinguish between voiced and voiceless fricatives.

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4) METATHESIS
Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds

exchanging their places. It most frequently affects the consonant r and the vowel in the following words:
e.g. þridda > þirda (third).

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5) LOSS OF CONSONANTS IN SOME POSITIONS
Nasal consonants were lost before

fricative consonants (h, f, s, p): in the process the preceding vowel was probably nasalized and lengthened.
e.g. Gt. fimf, OE fīf
Palatal 3 is occasionally dropped before d and n, the preceding vowel is lengthened:
e.g. fri3nan > frīnan (ask)

Sound changes in old english. (Lecture 2)

Содержание

AN OUTLINEI. Mechanisms of linguistic changeII. OE VocalismIII. OE consonant system

II. OE Vocalism 1) Qualitative changes:PG correspondences;Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of

III. OE consonant system1) West Germanic germination of consonants2) Palatalisation and

All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?

I. MECHANISMS OF LINGUISTIC CHANGEgeographic or climaticbiological or racialfashion minimization of

ALTERATIONS:Qualitative // quantitative;Dependent // independent

II. OLD ENGLISH VOCALISM 1) QUALITATIVE CHANGESPG correspondencesGth. ai – OE a:

ANGLO-FRISIAN BRIGHTENING (OR FIRST FRONTING) The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound

RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTIONLater in Old English, short /æ/ (and

RESTORATION OF A OR RETRACTIONNominative dæġ dagasAccusative dæġ dæġGenitive dæġes dagaDative

OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE it is diphthongization of short vowels before

OE BREAKING OR FRACTURE Gth. kalds – WS ceald For further

It is mostly carried out in the West Saxon and Kentish

PALATALISATION / PALATAL DIPHTHONGIZATION OE vowels also change under the influence

FRONT MUTATION OR I-UMLAUT It was a series of changes

Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples

i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:[y] and

VELAR UMLAUT It was the diphthongization caused by an unstressed

VELAR UMLAUT i > io hira > hiora (their)e > eo

QUANTITATIVE CHANGES ContractionLengthening

CONTRACTION e/æ + h+ vowel = eaeo + h +

LENGTHENING Vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ld, mbCf.