The Piri Reis Map

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The Piri Reis Map

The Piri Reis Map

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A Portolan Chart

A Portolan Chart

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The Portolan Grid Equator and 45N are quite accurate Map ends

The Portolan Grid

Equator and 45N are quite accurate
Map ends just below

45S
Intermediate Roses Might Represent Tropics (23.5 N or S) or 1/8 of a Hemisphere (22.5 N or S)
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The Portolan Grid Radiating Lines are Compass Bearings Meridians and Parallels

The Portolan Grid

Radiating Lines are Compass Bearings
Meridians and Parallels are perpendicular
This

is a Cylindrical Map Projection
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Quality of Cartography Europe and Africa Coasts Pretty Good Rivers Inaccurate

Quality of Cartography

Europe and Africa
Coasts Pretty Good
Rivers Inaccurate
Brazil: Recognizable
North America and

South of Brazil: Very Poor
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Interpreting Ancient Maps Any Ancient Map is Only as Good as

Interpreting Ancient Maps

Any Ancient Map is Only as Good as Its

Depiction of Well Explored Areas
Things of Practical Use to Mariners (Capes and Islands) Often Exaggerated
Latitude is the Most Likely Parameter to be Accurate; Longitude Largely Guesswork
Imaginary Features Often Incorporated and Gaps Filled In
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Corsica by Piri Reis

Corsica by Piri Reis

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The Orontius Finaeus Map, 1531

The Orontius Finaeus Map, 1531

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Antarctica? http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/112antarctica.php

Antarctica?

http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/112antarctica.php

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Map by Mercator, 1587

Map by Mercator, 1587

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Hendrik Hondius Map, 1630

Hendrik Hondius Map, 1630

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A Vicious Circle Without Accurate Navigation, Accurate Maps Weren’t Necessary Maps

A Vicious Circle

Without Accurate Navigation, Accurate Maps Weren’t Necessary
Maps Were Largely

Schematic
Without Accurate Maps, there was no Point in Trying to Navigate Precisely
Coastal Charts, on the Other Hand, Were Valuable
Even Into Modern Times, Many Questioned the Need for Accurate Mapping
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What’s Missing? The Pacific Ocean Isthmus of Panama Drake Passage Deep

What’s Missing?

The Pacific Ocean
Isthmus of Panama
Drake Passage
Deep Water: Was Never Dry

Land
No Evidence of Antarctic Ice Connection
Any Indisputable Feature of Antarctica
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Arm-Waving Looks Persuasive Azimuthal Equidistant Projection Centered on Cairo

Arm-Waving Looks Persuasive

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection Centered on Cairo

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Detailed Comparison Doesn’t

Detailed Comparison Doesn’t

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Azimuthal Equidistant Projection Centered on 0,0

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection Centered on 0,0

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Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection

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Cylindrical Equidistant Projection

Cylindrical Equidistant Projection

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Likely Identification

Likely Identification

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Alternative Identification

Alternative Identification

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Not Antarctica

Not Antarctica