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- 3. Between 1933 and 1945, the German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party carried
- 4. The Nazi regime also persecuted and killed millions of other people it considered politically, racially, or
- 5. The Allies’ victory ended World War II, but Nazi Germany and its collaborators had left millions
- 6. In March 1933, Adolf Hitler addressed the first session of the German Parliament (Reichstag) following his
- 7. After this photograph was taken, all political parties in the Reichstag—with the exception of the Socialists
- 8. A storm trooper (SA) guards newly arrested members of the German Communist Party in a basement
- 9. Communists, Socialists, and other political opponents of the Nazis were among the first to be rounded
- 10. A woman reads a boycott sign posted on the window of a Jewish-owned department store. The
- 11. Many Germans continued to enter the Jewish stores despite the boy-cott, and it was called off
- 12. An instructional chart distinguishes individuals with pure “German blood” (left column), “Mixed blood” (second and third
- 13. Among other things, the laws issued in September 1935 restricted future German citizenship to those of
- 14. The laws prohibited marriage and sexual relation-ships between Jews and non-Jews. NAZI RACE LAWS
- 15. Members of the Hitler Youth receive instruction in racial hygiene at a Hitler Youth training facility.
- 16. According to their ideology, the “Aryan race,” to which the German people allegedly belonged, stood at
- 17. The Nazi ideal was the Nordic type, displaying blond hair, blue eyes, and tall stature. THE
- 18. Residents of Rostock, Germany, view a burning synagogue the morning after Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”).
- 19. Within 48 hours, synagogues were vandalized and burned, 7,500 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed, 96
- 20. Within the concentration camp system, colored, tri-angular badges identified various prisoner categories, as seen in this
- 21. Although Jews were their primary targets, the Nazis also persecuted Roma (Gypsies), persons with mental and
- 22. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah’s Wit-nesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, also suffered oppression
- 23. Jews in Vienna wait in line at a police station to obtain exit visas. Following the
- 24. Before being allowed to leave, however, Jews were required to get an exit visa, plus pay
- 25. Government policies in the 1930s made it difficult for Jews seeking refuge to settle in the
- 26. In May 1939 the passenger ship St. Louis—seen here before departing Hamburg—sailed from Germany to Cuba
- 27. Unknown to the passengers, the Cuban government had revoked their landing certificates. AMERICAN RESPONSES
- 28. After the U.S. government denied permission for the passengers to enter the United States, the St.
- 29. Sections of Warsaw lay in ruins following the invasion and conquest of Poland by the German
- 30. For most of the next two years German forces occupied or controlled much of continental Europe.
- 31. By the end of 1942, however, the Allies were on the offensive and ultimately drove back
- 32. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of Germany in May 1945. THE WAR
- 33. Jews in the Warsaw ghetto wait in line for food at a soup kitchen. LIFE IN
- 34. Ghettos were city districts, often enclosed, in which the Germans concentrated the municipal and some-times regional
- 35. In November 1940, German authorities sealed the Warsaw ghetto, severely restricting supplies for the more than
- 36. Survival was a daily challenge as inhabitants struggled for the bare necessities of food, sanitation, shelter,
- 37. About a quarter of all Jews who perished in the Holocaust were shot by SS mobile
- 38. These units carried out the mass murder of Jews, Roma, and Communist government officials. This man
- 39. Between 1942 and 1944, trains carrying Jews from German-controlled Europe rolled into one of the six
- 40. Commonly between 80 and 100 people were crammed into railcars of this type. Deportation trains usually
- 41. Many died during the extreme conditions of the journey, and most survivors were murdered upon arrival
- 42. This railcar is on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. DEPORTATIONS
- 43. Jews from Hungarian-occupied Czechoslovakia (present-day Ukraine) are taken off the trains and assembled at the largest
- 44. The overwhelming majority of Jews who entered the Nazi killing centers were murdered in gas chambers—usually
- 45. The German authorities confis-cated all the personal belongings of the Jews, including their clothing, and collected
- 46. These confiscated shoes from Majdanek and Auschwitz are on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial
- 47. For several weeks in October 1943, Danish rescuers ferried 7,220 Jews to safety across the narrow
- 48. As a result of this national effort, more than 90 per-cent of the Jews in Denmark
- 49. This boat, now on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., was
- 50. In fall 1939, Jewish activists in Warsaw, around the historian Emanuel Ringelblum, established a secret archive
- 51. In 1942–1943, they buried these documents in metal containers, such as this milk can, to preserve
- 52. This photo taken from the window of a private home shows prisoners being marched from one
- 53. Evacuated by train, ship, or on foot, prisoners suffered from malnutrition, exhaustion, harsh weather, and mistreatment.
- 54. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and other high-ranking U.S. Army officers view the bodies of prisoners killed
- 55. Eisenhower visited the camp to witness personally the evidence of atrocities. LIBERATION
- 56. He publicly expressed his shock and revulsion, and he urged others to see the camps firsthand
- 57. Leading Nazi officials listen to proceedings at the International Military Tribunal, the best known of the
- 58. Beginning in October 1945, 22 major war criminals were tried on charges of crimes against peace,
- 59. In response to the Holocaust, the international community worked to create safeguards to prevent future genocides.
- 60. The United Nations in 1948 voted to establish genocide as an international crime, calling it an
- 61. Despite this effort, genocide has continued, and it continues to threaten parts of the world even
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