Introduction to Linguistics

Июль 31, 2022

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Introduction to Linguistics

Содержание

2. Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society, no matter how small or
3. What is Linguistics? The field of scholarship that tries to answer the question "How does language
4. Simple Definition of linguistics Linguistics is the study of language and of the way languages work
5. The first principle of linguistics is: Respect people's language behavior, and describe it objectively.
6. What is Language? Language is the system of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of
7. The Creativity Aspect of Language Human language is creative: allowing novelty and innovation is response to
8. Linguistic Knowledge (competence) Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are related to specific meanings.
9. Linguistic Performance: How you use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension. Linguistic Competence: What
10. Subfields of linguistics Phonetics: the articulation and perception of speech sounds (physical aspects) Phonology: the patterning
12. Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds of the language. Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful
13. Phonetics: the physical nature of speech The first sound in English “tall” and the first sound
14. Phonology: the sound structure of language In English, the sounds we represent as /p,t,k/ are aspirated
15. Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a
16. Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. Syntax
17. Syntax: the structure of sentences You can omit "that" in: This is the book (that) I
18. Semantics: the meaning of words and sentences Note that the following sentence is actually ambiguous, depending
19. Pragmatics is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations.
20. Pragmatics: how speakers use language to do things in given contexts These sentences can all express
21. Relations of linguistics with other sciences
22. Historical Linguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Ethnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics) Dialectology Computational Linguistics Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics
23. Historical linguistics: language and history How did Latin develop into the various romance languages French, Italian,
24. Sociolinguistics: language and social factors What distinguishes the dialect of Philadelphia from that of New York?
25. Psycholinguistics: language and the mind Why do people sometimes make errors in their native language? How
26. Computational linguistics: language and computers/computation Can we learn anything about human language using tools and formalisms
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Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society,

no matter how small or how isolated, which does not employ a language that is rich and diverse.
Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing.

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What is Linguistics?
The field of scholarship that tries to answer the

question "How does language work?" is called linguistics, and the scholars who study it are called linguists

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Simple Definition of linguistics
Linguistics is the study of language and of the

way languages work

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The first principle of linguistics
is: Respect people's language behavior, and describe

it objectively.

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What is Language?
Language is the system of human communication, either

spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

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The Creativity Aspect of Language
Human language is creative: allowing novelty and

innovation is response to new thoughts, experiences, and situations

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Linguistic Knowledge (competence)
Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are

related to specific meanings.
Knowledge of Sentences: Knowing how to form sentences.

Knowledge of the Sound System: Knowing what sounds are in that language and what sounds are not.

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Linguistic Performance:
How you use this knowledge in actual speech production

and comprehension.

Linguistic Competence:
What you know about a language.

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Subfields of linguistics
Phonetics: the articulation and perception of speech sounds (physical

aspects)
Phonology: the patterning of speech sounds
Morphology: word formation
Syntax: sentence formation
Semantics: the interpretation of words and sentences
Pragmatics: how speakers use language in given contexts

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Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds of the language.

Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful listening and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make.

Phonetics

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Phonetics: the physical nature of speech
The first sound in English “tall”

and the first sound in Spanish “tu” are similar in several respects, but they differ in that the English sound can be described as alveolar (being pronounced at the ridge behind the teeth) and aspirated (being accompanied by a puff of breath which you can feel if you hold your hand in front of your mouth when you pronounce it), while the Spanish sound is dental (being pronounced at the teeth) and unaspirated (without the puff of breath).

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Phonology: the sound structure of language
In English, the sounds we represent

as /p,t,k/ are aspirated (with the puff of breath) at the beginning of a word, as in pill, tall, kill , but not when they come after an /s/, as in spill, stall, skill. You can test this by pronouncing the pairs with your hand in front of your mouth. The difference in pronunciation is a phonetic fact, but the rule describing it is a phonological rule that describes the English sound system. There are plenty of languages that do not have this rule.

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Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal units

of words that have a meaning and cannot be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Free morphemes can occur alone and bound morphemes must occur with another morpheme. An example of a free morpheme is “bad”, and an example of a bound morpheme is “ly.” It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme to produce a word.

Morphology

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Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in

a language statement.

Syntax

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Syntax: the structure of sentences
You can omit "that" in:
This is

the book (that) I bought.
But not in:
This is the book that was too expensive.

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Semantics: the meaning of words and sentences
Note that the following sentence

is actually ambiguous, depending on how we interpret the relationship between words:
For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.
? what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to?
The desk or the lady?

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Pragmatics is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words

and sentences, in actual situations.

Pragmatics

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Pragmatics: how speakers use language to do things in given contexts
These

sentences can all express the same request, but often indirectly:
It's cold in here.
I wonder if we can shut the window.
(Can you shut the window?)

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Relations of linguistics with other sciences

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Historical Linguistics
Sociolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
Ethnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)
Dialectology
Computational Linguistics
Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics

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Historical linguistics: language and history
How did Latin develop into the various

romance languages French, Italian, Spanish, Rumanian, Portuguese, Romansch, Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian etc.?
What did the parent of the various Germanic languages German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Frisian, Faeroese, Gothic etc. sound like, of which we have no written records, but which must have been spoken at around the same time as Classical Latin?

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Sociolinguistics: language and social factors
What distinguishes the dialect of Philadelphia from

that of New York?
What are the effects of mass media and personal mobility on dialect differences?

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Psycholinguistics: language and the mind
Why do people sometimes make errors in

their native language?
How do children learn the complexities of a language without formal instruction?

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Computational linguistics: language and computers/computation
Can we learn anything about human language

using tools and formalisms that were developed to describe and interpret formal computer languages?
How can we teach computers to use human language?

Introduction to Linguistics

Содержание

Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society,

What is Linguistics?The field of scholarship that tries to answer the

Simple Definition of linguistics Linguistics is the study of language and of the

The first principle of linguistics is: Respect people's language behavior, and describe

What is Language? Language is the system of human communication, either

The Creativity Aspect of LanguageHuman language is creative: allowing novelty and

Linguistic Knowledge (competence)Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are

Linguistic Performance: How you use this knowledge in actual speech production

Subfields of linguisticsPhonetics: the articulation and perception of speech sounds (physical

Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds of the language.

Phonetics: the physical nature of speechThe first sound in English “tall”

Phonology: the sound structure of languageIn English, the sounds we represent