Giancarlo Vecchi

Август 20, 2022

Содержание

2. Giancarlo Vecchi POLICY ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION
3. Giancarlo Vecchi Policy Analysis is a political science sub-discipline involved in explaining and predicting the ways
4. Giancarlo Vecchi POLITY: The political community. Researches: democratic regimes, institutions, rights, etc. POLITICS: The competition for
5. Giancarlo Vecchi Definitions: public policy is… ... whatever the government does… what government chooses to do
6. Giancarlo Vecchi … a set of decisions taken by a political actor or by a group
7. Giancarlo Vecchi 1.1. … a given course of action that one actor or a group of
8. Giancarlo Vecchi 1.1. … a set of actions that influence the solution of a collective problem,
9. Giancarlo Vecchi 1.1. ? and it introduces the term: opportunities to innovate (role of the experts).
10. Giancarlo Vecchi 1.2. The policy cycle The classic way to study a policy is to break
11. Giancarlo Vecchi (The policy cycle) Policy implementation: putting the solution into practice Policy evaluation (ex-post): have
12. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. POLICY CYCLE
13. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Problem definition and Agenda-setting→ Identifying problems that require government attention, deciding which issues
14. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Formulation / Policy Design → Identifying and choosing possible solutions to a problem.
15. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Decision (as legitimation) → Public authority (authorities) chooses and legitimate a solution among
16. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Implementation ? Public organisations, in general working with a network of other actors
17. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Evaluation (ex post) → Assessing the extent to which the policy was successful
18. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Evaluation (ex post) → The functions of evaluation could be: Learning = Did
19. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Evaluation/2: Evaluation concepts are one of the tools of policy design; in other
20. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. Policy maintenance, succession or termination ? Considering if the policy should be continued
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Giancarlo Vecchi

POLICY ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION

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Giancarlo Vecchi
Policy Analysis is a political science sub-discipline involved in explaining

and predicting the ways in which governments at all levels interact with citizens, firms and other public and private organisations in the solution of collective problems.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
POLITY: The political community. Researches: democratic regimes, institutions, rights, etc.
POLITICS:

The competition for power. Researches: representations, political leadership, parties, coalitions, etc.
POLICY: the public programmes to solve public problems. Researches: who decides about to problems and solutions; the effectiveness of programmes; how to foster innovations in public sectors; etc.

1.1. Policy, Politics, Polity

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Giancarlo Vecchi
Definitions: public policy is…
... whatever the government does… what government

chooses to do or not to do (Dye, 1966)
? policies are intentional choices (and not accidents or accidental occurrences)

1.1. Public policy: definitions

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Giancarlo Vecchi
… a set of decisions taken by a political actor

or by a group of actors concerning the choice of the objectives and the instruments (Jenkins, 1978)
? Policies are made by decisions, taken by various actors, governmental and not (role of bureaucracies, pressure groups, societal groups, etc.)

1.1.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
1.1.
… a given course of action that one actor

or a group of actors follows in order to manage a problem or an issue of specific interest (Anderson, 1984)
? it underlines the process, not only the decision phase; policies involve aims/goals, instruments, planning and implementation

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1.1.
… a set of actions that influence the solution

of a collective problem, or unrealized needs, values or opportunities of improvements (Dunn, 1996)
? The focus to evaluate the success of a policy is the capacity to modify the undesired condition of groups of citizens/firms, in terms of needs and values

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Giancarlo Vecchi
1.1.
? and it introduces the term: opportunities to

innovate (role of the experts).
REMEMBER: Policies are an analytical construct; they don’t exist in the real world as things, but are concepts! Concepts reconstructed studying the activities of actors involved in dealing with public problems

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1.2. The policy cycle
The classic way to study a policy

is to break it down into stages
6 main phases/stages:
Setting the agenda: is there a problem? (Problem setting or Problem definition)
Policy formulation/design: which are the possible solutions?
Decision: which is the best alternative?

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(The policy cycle)
Policy implementation: putting the solution into practice
Policy evaluation

(ex-post): have we solved the problem?
And then: policy maintenance, succession or termination

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1.
POLICY CYCLE

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1.
Problem definition and Agenda-setting→
Identifying problems that require government

attention, deciding which issues deserve the most attention and defining the nature of the problem.
Government (Supranational, National, Regional, Local) accepts to consider an issue supported and presented by an actor (or some actors) - (But not all the issues will be selected and decided)

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1.
Formulation / Policy Design →
Identifying and choosing possible

solutions to a problem.
Setting policy theory, objectives and expected results, identifying the cost and estimating the effect of solutions, selecting policy instruments.
(There are situations in which policies are formulated without a ‘coherent’ design)

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1.
Decision (as legitimation) →
Public authority (authorities) chooses

and legitimate a solution among those formulated.
Ensuring that the chosen policy design have support. It can involve one or a combination of: legislative approval, executive approval, seeking consent through consultation with interest groups, and referenda.
In the real life, we have decisions in every steps of the policy cycle; here the question is about the legitimation by a public authority that will open the door for the implementation of a policy

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1.
Implementation ?
Public organisations, in general working with a network

of other actors (public and private), translate policy design and plan into concrete action using substantive policy tools (direct intervention, regulation, money, persuasion, co-production, etc.).
To remember: not every decided policy are translated in the implementation phase. See symbolic policies, policies decided and communicated but without implementation

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1.
Evaluation (ex post) →
Assessing the extent to which

the policy was successful and had the desired effect or even undesired/unplanned effects; or the policy decision was the correct one; or if it was implemented correctly.
Evaluation can be performed by different actors (public organizations, experts, consultants’ companies, etc.).

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1.
Evaluation (ex post) →
The functions of evaluation could

be:
Learning = Did the policy work? Was the design correct, and the implementation coherent?
Programming: Do we replicate or diffuse the policy, stop it, etc.
Accountability processes in the relationships among different institutions and/or actors: Did the organisations use the resources in a proper way? Did them reach the contracted results?

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1.
Evaluation/2:
Evaluation concepts are one of the tools of policy

design; in other words, concepts as inputs, outputs, outcomes, etc., are used to design a policy in the ex ante phase

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1.
Policy maintenance, succession or termination ?
Considering if the

policy should be continued (eventually with minor changes/adaptations), replaced, or suppressed.

Giancarlo Vecchi

Содержание

Giancarlo Vecchi POLICY ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION

Giancarlo Vecchi Policy Analysis is a political science sub-discipline involved in explaining

Giancarlo VecchiPOLITY: The political community. Researches: democratic regimes, institutions, rights, etc.POLITICS:

Giancarlo VecchiDefinitions: public policy is…... whatever the government does… what government

Giancarlo Vecchi… a set of decisions taken by a political actor

Giancarlo Vecchi1.1. … a given course of action that one actor

Giancarlo Vecchi1.1. … a set of actions that influence the solution

Giancarlo Vecchi1.1. ? and it introduces the term: opportunities to

Giancarlo Vecchi1.2. The policy cycleThe classic way to study a policy

Giancarlo Vecchi(The policy cycle)Policy implementation: putting the solution into practicePolicy evaluation

Giancarlo Vecchi1. POLICY CYCLE

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Problem definition and Agenda-setting→ Identifying problems that require government

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Formulation / Policy Design → Identifying and choosing possible

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Decision (as legitimation) → Public authority (authorities) chooses

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Implementation ? Public organisations, in general working with a network

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Evaluation (ex post) → Assessing the extent to which

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Evaluation (ex post) → The functions of evaluation could

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Evaluation/2: Evaluation concepts are one of the tools of policy

Giancarlo Vecchi1. Policy maintenance, succession or termination ? Considering if the

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