Anatomy of lower repiratory system

Август 1, 2022

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Anatomy of lower repiratory system

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2. The lower respiratory system is also called the tracheobronchial tree . And includes : 1.trachea 2.bronchi
3. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory and conducting zones The respiratory zone : it’s the
4. TRACHEA Serves as a conduit for ventilation and the clearance of tracheal and bronchial secration The
5. TRACHEA Length of trachea in averag of 10-13 cm and its contain of C shaped cartilage
6. TRACHEA External diameters of trachea measure approximality 2.5 cm coronally and 1.8 cm sagitally (in men
7. TRACHEA Composed of three layers Mucosa – made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium Submucosa
8. BRONCHI The trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5 th thoratic vertebra ,into the right
9. BRONCHI Wider because it supplies the larger lung And vertically (at 25 vetrical compared with 45
10. BRONCHI The left main bronchus is longer than the right and in average 5 cm in
11. The bronchopulmonary The bronchiols are the finer bronchial ramification ,are usually of region of 0.6mm in
12. The bronchus The right lung : The right main bronchus,after a course of some 2.5 cm
13. The bronchus
14. The bronchus About 1.5 cm below the apical brobchus is given the medial or cardic bronches
15. ALVEOL 300 million alveoli in adult for gas exchange The alveol a lined with thin and
16. ALVEOL The pulmonary epithelium contains the cells A) type 1 pneumocytes :are flat and form 1
17. The pulmonary blood supply The blood supply to the lung ,lymphs ,bronchi is provided by the
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The lower respiratory system is also called the tracheobronchial tree .
And

includes :
1.trachea
2.bronchi
3.bronchioles
4.alveoli

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The respiratory system consists of the respiratory and conducting zones
The

respiratory zone : it’s the site of gas exchange and consists of repiratory bronchiole ,alveolar duct and alveolar sac
The conducting zone :provoides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange and consists trachea ,bronchus ,bronchiol and terminal bronchiol

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TRACHEA
Serves as a conduit for ventilation
and the clearance of

tracheal
and bronchial secration
The trachea begins at the lower
border of the cricoid cartilage (at
the level of 6 th cervical vertebra )
and extends to the level of carina
(at the level of 5 th thoratic vertebra )

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TRACHEA
Length of trachea in averag of 10-13 cm
and its

contain of C shaped cartilage ring
(16-20), witch form the anterior and lateral walls of trahea , and posteriorly by the membrans wall ,thes cartilage hold and support the tracheal and preventing it from coolapsing but .

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TRACHEA
External diameters of trachea measure approximality 2.5 cm coronally and 1.8

cm sagitally (in men ) and 2.0cm coronally and 1.4 sagittaly (in women )

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TRACHEA
Composed of three layers
Mucosa – made up of goblet cells and

ciliated epithelium
Submucosa – connective tissue deep to the mucosa
Adventitia – outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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BRONCHI
The trachea bifurcates at the level of the
5 th thoratic

vertebra ,into the right
and left bronchi
The right main bronchus is shorter ,
Wider ,and more vertically placed than
the left .
Shorter because it gives off its upper
lobe bronchus sooner (after course
Of only 2.5 cm )

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BRONCHI
Wider because it supplies the larger lung
And vertically (at 25

vetrical compared with 45 on the left ), because the left bronchus has to extend laterally behind the aortic arch
(inhaled foreign bodeis are moe to enter the wider and more vertical than narrower )

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BRONCHI
The left main bronchus is longer than the right and in

average 5 cm in men and 4.5 in women
Its pass under aortic arch ,in
front of the oesophagus ,thoracic
duct and descending aorta ,the left
Pulmonary artery first above and
then in front of it

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The bronchopulmonary
The bronchiols are the finer bronchial ramification ,are usually

of region of 0.6mm in diameter
The respiratory bronchiols bear small alveoli ,or there walls and are lined by a nonciliated cuboidal epithelium
The distal extremity of each respiratpry bronchiole is termed the alveolar duct

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The bronchus
The right lung :
The right main bronchus,after a course

of some 2.5 cm , gives off at right angels the upper lobe bronchus , after 1 cm give bifurcation into three segmental bronchi 1) apical :upwards and lateraly 2) posterior :backwards and lateraly 3) anterior :lateraly and downwards
The main bronch continues a long 3 cm and give middle lobe branch , after 1.5 cm give bifurcation into lateral and medial divisions
below the middle lobe branchus to apical segment of the lower lobe ,its 1cm long and gives medial and lateral branches

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The bronchus

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The bronchus
About 1.5 cm below the apical brobchus is given

the medial or cardic bronches , then gives the basal bronchi : anterior ,lateral,posterior
The left lung has a course of 5 cm before giveng off the left upper lobe bronchus ,and thes pass lateraly for about 1cm and then bifurcates into superior and inferior , superior supply the apical
After 1-2cm bifurcated into superior and inferior

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ALVEOL
300 million alveoli in adult for gas exchange
The

alveol a lined with thin and thick side
In the thin side less than 0.4mic m thick ,where gas exchange occurs ,the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium are separated only with basement membrane ,
In the thich side 1-2 thick , where the fluid and solute exchange occurs,the pulmonary interstitial space( collagen and nerve fibers ) separates alveolar from capillary endothelium

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ALVEOL
The pulmonary epithelium contains the cells
A) type 1 pneumocytes

:are flat and form 1 –nm junction with another and thes important to prevent the passage large active molecules into the alveols
B) type 2 pneumocytes : are more than type 1 and thes contain surfactan and cane produce type 1 pneumocytes

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The pulmonary blood supply
The blood supply to the lung ,lymphs ,bronchi

is provided by the bronchial arteries
And thes provoids small amount of cardic output 4%,branch the bronchial artery supply the bronchi as far as terminal bronch (anastamosis with pulmonary arterial and continue to alveolar duct ) below thes level lung tissue is supporeted by compination the alveolar gas and pulmonary circulation