Digestive system

Июль 30, 2022

Содержание

2. FOOD A nutrient is a substance required by the body for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance.
4. Energy and Building Materials Each nutrient plays a different role in maintaining a healthy body. Carbohydrates,
5. NUTRIENTS
6. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates that exist as single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides or simple carbohydrates. Carbohydrates made
7. Proteins Amino acids from proteins are used by the body for making additional proteins. Extra amino
8. Lipids The body uses lipids to make steroid hormones and cell membranes and to store energy.
9. NUTRIENTS
10. Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Vitamins are organic substances that occur in foods in small amounts. They
11. VITAMINS
12. MINERALS
13. WATER
14. DIGESTION Organisms must break down their foodstuffs into their components for passing through the cell membrane.
15. There are two types of digestion. These are; Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion TYPES OF DIGESTION
16. MECHANICAL DIGESTION Pieces of food are firstly cut, crushed, or broken into smaller particles without being
17. MECHANICAL DIGESTION
18. Chemical digestion is series of reactions in which foods are hydrolyzed, aided by water and enzymes.
19. CHEMICAL DIGESTION
20. TYPES OF DIGESTION ACCORDING TO THE THEIR MEDIUM There are two types digestion according to the
21. INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION In unicellular organisms foodstuffs are digested within food vacuoles in the cytoplasm. They are
22. EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION In this process, digestion of food takes place within an area external to the
24. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is made up of highly specialized digestive tube and several
26. DIGESTIVE ORGANS
28. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
29. MOUTH Food enters the body through the mouth. Mechanical and chemical digestion occur in mouth. Teeth
30. SALIVARY GLANDS
31. TEETH Teeth are adapted for mechanical digestion of food. Each tooth is composed of crown and
36. TYPES OF TEETH There are 4 types of teeth. These are 1- Molars 12 2- Pre
41. ESOPHAGUS After chewing of food, it is pushed by the tongue to the esophagus. The esophagus
44. PERISTALSIS
45. STOMACH Food is stored temporarily in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion occur in mouth. Food
46. STOMACH
48. STOMACH
49. STOMACH
50. Most digestion and absorption occur in small intestine. Most chemical digestion and all absorption occur in
51. SMALL INTESTINE
53. SMALL INTESTINE
54. SMALL INTESTINE
55. SMALL INTESTINE
56. Undigested materials pass from the small intestine into the large intestine. There is no digestion in
57. FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE Reabsorption of water Absoption of vitamins Eliminations of undigested materials
59. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE MOUTH Chemical digestion of carbohydrate starts in mouth. Salivary glands secrete
60. Stomach is an acidic area. Amylase can not work in acidic region. Therefore chemical digestion of
61. When food passes into the small intestine from stomach, it stimulates cells of small intestine. Than
62. They stimulate pancreas and it secretes pancreatic enzymes to small intestine. Enzymes act on every types
64. Digestion of carbohydrates is completed in small intestine. Dextrin + H2O Glucose + Glucose +…… Amylase
65. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTINE
66. DIGESTION OF PROTEINS Digestion of protein starts in stomach and complete in small intestine. When food
67. REACTIONS IN THE STOMACH Pepsinogen + HCl Pepsin Protein + H2O Peptones Pepsin Milk + H2O
68. DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE INTESTINE Tripsinogen and Chymotripsinogen take role in the digestion of proteins
69. DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE Tripsinogen + Enterocinase Tripsin Peptones+H2O Peptides + Amino acids
70. PROTEIN DIGESTINE
71. DIGESTION OF LIPIDS Digestion of lipid occurs only in small intestine. The cells of the liver
72. Bile does not contain enzyme but it aids mechanical digestion of lipid. This process is called
75. Lipase is secreted from pancreas. Lipase breaks down lipid molecules into fatty acids and glycerol. Lipid
76. LIPID DIGESTINE
77. ABSORBTION There are many finger like projections in lining of small intestine.They are called VILLI. Villi
80. Скачать презентацию

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FOOD
A nutrient is a substance required by the body for energy,

growth, repair, and maintenance. Nutrients in food and beverages include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

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Energy and Building Materials
Each nutrient plays a different role in maintaining

a healthy body.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are involved in providing both energy and building materials to the cells.

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NUTRIENTS

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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that exist as single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides or

simple carbohydrates. Carbohydrates made of two or many sugar molecules linked together by chemical bonds are called complex carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates must be broken down into simple sugars before cells can use their energy.

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Proteins
Amino acids from proteins are used by the body for making

additional proteins. Extra amino acids in the diet are used for energy or converted to fat.
The body needs 20 different amino acids to function. Ten amino acids (called essential amino acids) must be obtained directly from food.

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Lipids
The body uses lipids to make steroid hormones and cell membranes

and to store energy.
Fats are lipids that store energy in plants and animals. Fats are also stored around organs and act as padding and insulation.

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NUTRIENTS

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Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Vitamins are organic substances that occur in foods

in small amounts. They are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that re used to make certain body structures and substances. They are also needed for normal nerve and muscle function.

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VITAMINS

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MINERALS

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WATER

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DIGESTION
Organisms must break down their foodstuffs into their components for

passing through
the cell membrane.
This process is
called digestion.

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There are two types of digestion. These are;
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
TYPES

OF DIGESTION

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MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Pieces of food are firstly cut, crushed, or broken into

smaller particles without being changed chemically. This process is called mechanical digestion.
Mechanical breakdown increases the surface area of the food particles.
. Protein Protein

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MECHANICAL DIGESTION

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Chemical digestion is series of reactions in which foods are hydrolyzed,

aided by water and enzymes. Food split into its monomers by means of chemical digestion.

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

STARCH + WATER

n GLUCOSE

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CHEMICAL DIGESTION

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TYPES OF DIGESTION ACCORDING TO THE THEIR MEDIUM
There are two types

digestion according to the their medium.These are
EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

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INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
In unicellular organisms foodstuffs are digested within food vacuoles in

the cytoplasm. They are taken into cell by pinocytosis or phagositosis.

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EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
In this process, digestion of food takes place within

an area external to the organism by the secretion of digestive enzymes.
Extracellular digestion is seen in protista, invertebrates and all vertebrates.

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HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is made up of highly specialized

digestive tube and several organs.
Human Digestive System includes;
Mouth
Eusophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

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DIGESTIVE ORGANS

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HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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MOUTH
Food enters the body through the mouth.
Mechanical and chemical digestion

occur in mouth. Teeth help in mechanical digestion.
There are three pairs of salivary glands in the lining of the mouth. Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth. They help in chemical digestion

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SALIVARY GLANDS

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TEETH
Teeth are adapted for mechanical digestion of food.
Each tooth

is composed of crown and root
The crown is covered with enamel. It is hardest material of our body.

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TYPES OF TEETH
There are 4 types of teeth. These are
1- Molars

12
2- Pre molars 8
3- Canines 4
4- Incisors 8
TOTAL 32

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ESOPHAGUS
After chewing of food, it is pushed by the tongue to

the esophagus. The esophagus connects mouth with the stomach.
Peristalsis begins in the esophagus. Peristalsis is the series rhythmic muscles contraction and relaxations. Food moves through the digestion system by peristalsis.

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PERISTALSIS

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STOMACH
Food is stored temporarily in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion

occur in mouth. Food is broken down mechanically into smaller particles by the contractions of the muscles.
Stomach secretes enzymes for chemical digestion

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STOMACH

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STOMACH

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STOMACH

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Most digestion and absorption occur in small intestine. Most chemical digestion

and all absorption occur in ileum. All digestion is completed in the small intestine.
The small intestine has three parts. They are duodenum jejunum and ileum.

SMALL INTESTINE

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SMALL INTESTINE

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SMALL INTESTINE

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SMALL INTESTINE

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SMALL INTESTINE

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Undigested materials pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

There is no digestion in this part.
The large intestine contains many bacteria. They produce vitamins such as vitamin K.
Large intestine opens to the outside of the body through the anus.

LARGE INTESTINE

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FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE
Reabsorption of water
Absoption of vitamins
Eliminations of undigested materials

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DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE MOUTH
Chemical digestion of carbohydrate starts in

mouth. Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth. Saliva is juice which contain digestive enzyme is called ptyalin or amylase.
Amylase breaks down starch into dextrin and maltose.

Starch + Water

Amylase

Dextrin + Maltose

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Stomach is an acidic area. Amylase can not work in acidic

region.
Therefore chemical digestion of carbohydrates stop in stomach.

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE STOMACH

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When food passes into the small intestine from stomach, it

stimulates cells of small intestine. Than small intestine secretes two hormones into the blood. These hormones are secretin and cholecystokinin.

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

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They stimulate pancreas and it secretes pancreatic enzymes to small intestine.

Enzymes act on every types of carbohydrates. Pancreatic juice includes amylase, maltase, lactase and sucrase.

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Digestion of carbohydrates is completed in small intestine.
Dextrin +

H2O

Glucose + Glucose +……

Amylase

Maltose + H2O

Maltase

Glucose + Glucose

Sucrose + H2O

Sucrase

Glucose + Fructose

Lactose + H2O

Lactase

Glucose + Galactose

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CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTINE

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DIGESTION OF PROTEINS
Digestion of protein starts in stomach and complete in

small intestine.
When food enter the stomach, it stimulates some stomach cells.These cells secretes GASTRINE hormone. This hormone stimulates gastric gland and it produces gastric juice.
Gastric Juice is composed of;
Mucus, HCl and Pepsinogen

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REACTIONS IN THE STOMACH
Pepsinogen + HCl
Pepsin
Protein + H2O
Peptones
Pepsin
Milk + H2O

Casein

Rennin

Casein+ H2O

Peptones + a.a….

Pepsin

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DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE INTESTINE
Tripsinogen and Chymotripsinogen take role in

the digestion of proteins that are secreted by pancreas.
Enterocinase and Erepsin are secreted by intestinal glands to digest proteins.

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DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
Tripsinogen + Enterocinase
Tripsin
Peptones+H2O

Peptides + Amino acids

Tripsin

Peptides+ H2O

Erepsin

aa + aa + aa + aa +…

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PROTEIN DIGESTINE

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DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
Digestion of lipid occurs only in small intestine. The

cells of the liver produce bile. Than it is stored in gall bladder. When food enters to small intestine it secretes cholecystokinin hormone. This hormone causes removing of bile from gall bladder to small intestine.

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Bile does not contain enzyme but it aids mechanical digestion of

lipid. This process is called emulsification.

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Lipase is secreted from pancreas. Lipase breaks down lipid molecules into

fatty acids and glycerol.

Lipid

Small lipid particles

Bile

Lipid + H2O

3 Fatty acid + Glycerol

Lipase

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LIPID DIGESTINE

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ABSORBTION
There are many finger like projections in lining of small intestine.They

are called VILLI.
Villi increas the absorption surface of small intestine.
Passing of digested materials from small intestine to blood is called absorption.
Vitamins and inorganic materials pass into the blood without digestion.

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Digestive system

Содержание

FOODA nutrient is a substance required by the body for energy,

Energy and Building MaterialsEach nutrient plays a different role in maintaining

NUTRIENTS

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates that exist as single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides or

ProteinsAmino acids from proteins are used by the body for making

LipidsThe body uses lipids to make steroid hormones and cell membranes

NUTRIENTS

Vitamins, Minerals, and WaterVitamins are organic substances that occur in foods

VITAMINS

MINERALS

WATER

DIGESTION Organisms must break down their foodstuffs into their components for

There are two types of digestion. These are;Mechanical digestionChemical digestionTYPES

MECHANICAL DIGESTIONPieces of food are firstly cut, crushed, or broken into

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

Chemical digestion is series of reactions in which foods are hydrolyzed,

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

TYPES OF DIGESTION ACCORDING TO THE THEIR MEDIUMThere are two types

INTRACELLULAR DIGESTIONIn unicellular organisms foodstuffs are digested within food vacuoles in

EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION In this process, digestion of food takes place within

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is made up of highly specialized

DIGESTIVE ORGANS

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTHFood enters the body through the mouth. Mechanical and chemical digestion

SALIVARY GLANDS

TEETHTeeth are adapted for mechanical digestion of food. Each tooth

TYPES OF TEETHThere are 4 types of teeth. These are1- Molars

ESOPHAGUSAfter chewing of food, it is pushed by the tongue to

PERISTALSIS

STOMACHFood is stored temporarily in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion

STOMACH

STOMACH

STOMACH

Most digestion and absorption occur in small intestine. Most chemical digestion

SMALL INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

Undigested materials pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINEReabsorption of waterAbsoption of vitaminsEliminations of undigested materials

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE MOUTHChemical digestion of carbohydrate starts in

Stomach is an acidic area. Amylase can not work in acidic

When food passes into the small intestine from stomach, it

They stimulate pancreas and it secretes pancreatic enzymes to small intestine.

Digestion of carbohydrates is completed in small intestine. Dextrin +

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTINE

DIGESTION OF PROTEINSDigestion of protein starts in stomach and complete in

REACTIONS IN THE STOMACHPepsinogen + HClPepsinProtein + H2O PeptonesPepsinMilk + H2O

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE INTESTINETripsinogen and Chymotripsinogen take role in

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE SMALL INTESTINETripsinogen + Enterocinase TripsinPeptones+H2O

PROTEIN DIGESTINE

DIGESTION OF LIPIDSDigestion of lipid occurs only in small intestine. The

Bile does not contain enzyme but it aids mechanical digestion of

Lipase is secreted from pancreas. Lipase breaks down lipid molecules into

FOOD
A nutrient is a substance required by the body for energy,

Energy and Building Materials
Each nutrient plays a different role in maintaining

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that exist as single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides or

Proteins
Amino acids from proteins are used by the body for making

Lipids
The body uses lipids to make steroid hormones and cell membranes

Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
Vitamins are organic substances that occur in foods

DIGESTION
Organisms must break down their foodstuffs into their components for

There are two types of digestion. These are;
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
TYPES

MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Pieces of food are firstly cut, crushed, or broken into

TYPES OF DIGESTION ACCORDING TO THE THEIR MEDIUM
There are two types

INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
In unicellular organisms foodstuffs are digested within food vacuoles in

EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
In this process, digestion of food takes place within

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is made up of highly specialized

MOUTH
Food enters the body through the mouth.
Mechanical and chemical digestion

TEETH
Teeth are adapted for mechanical digestion of food.
Each tooth

TYPES OF TEETH
There are 4 types of teeth. These are
1- Molars

ESOPHAGUS
After chewing of food, it is pushed by the tongue to

STOMACH
Food is stored temporarily in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE
Reabsorption of water
Absoption of vitamins
Eliminations of undigested materials

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE MOUTH
Chemical digestion of carbohydrate starts in

Digestion of carbohydrates is completed in small intestine.
Dextrin +

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS
Digestion of protein starts in stomach and complete in

REACTIONS IN THE STOMACH
Pepsinogen + HCl
Pepsin
Protein + H2O
Peptones
Pepsin
Milk + H2O

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE INTESTINE
Tripsinogen and Chymotripsinogen take role in

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
Tripsinogen + Enterocinase
Tripsin
Peptones+H2O

DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
Digestion of lipid occurs only in small intestine. The