Eating Disorders

Июль 24, 2022

Содержание

2. Eating Disorders Eating disorder - A psychological disorder (1) disturbed patterns of eating and (2) maladaptive
3. Eating Disorders Anorexia affects about 0.9% of women in our society (about 9 in 1,000). Bulimia
4. Overview of Eating Disorders
5. Subtypes of Anorexia There are two general subtypes of anorexia: (1) A binge eating / purging
6. Medical Complications of Anorexia Anorexia in extrem cases can be fatal. Losses of as much as
7. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities of food, followed by
8. The Case of Ann “I was just afraid to go home and be around food.”
9. Bulimia Nervosa
10. Medical Complications of Bulimia Vomiting: skin irritation around the mouth due to frequent contact with stomach
11. Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia The exact cause of bulimia nervosa is currently unknown, genetic, environmental,
12. Factors affecting eating disorder Socio cultural Factors Psychosocial Factors Family Factors Biological Factors
13. Death by Starvation. A leading fashion model, Brazilian Ana Carolina Reston, was just 21 when she
14. Diagnosis Questining about eating habit vomit regularly lost a lot of weight recently Weight and BMI
15. Treatment of Eating Disorders People with anorexia may be hospitalized, especially when weight loss is severe
16. Treatment of Eating Disorders Cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) IPT focuses on resolving interpersonal
17. Binge-Eating Disorder Binge-eating disorder (BED) – Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists
18. Diagnosis discussion of your eating habit binge-eating disorder, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart
19. Treatment Psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Dialectical behavior therapy Interpersonal psychotherapy Medication - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)
20. Weight: A balancing act
21. Rates of obesity (age 20 or higher).
22. Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders - Persistent or recurrent sleep related problems that cause distress or impaired
23. Dyssomnias Dyssomnias - Sleep disorders involving disturbances in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. There
24. Insomnia Insomnia - Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep. Primary insomnia - A
25. Types of Sleep Disorders
26. Hypersomnia Hypersomnia - A pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day. The excessive sleepiness (sometimes referred
27. Narcolepsy Narcolepsy - A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep. They remain asleep
28. Sleep Center. People with sleep disorders are often evaluated in sleep centers, where their physiological responses
29. Narcolepsy The diagnosis is made when sleep attacks occur daily for a period of 3 months
30. Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder Breathing-related sleep disorder - A sleep disorder in which sleep is repeatedly disrupted
31. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorder - A sleep disorder characterized by a mismatch
32. Parasomnias Parasomnias - Sleep disorders involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events that occur during sleep or
33. Sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses
34. Sleep Terror Disorder It typically begins with a loud, piercing cry or scream in the night.
35. Sleepwalking Disorder Sleepwalking disorder - A sleep disorder involving repeated episodes of sleepwalking. Sleepwalking disorder is
36. Treatment of Sleep Disorders The most common method for treating sleep disorders is the use of
37. Biological Approaches Antianxiety drugs are among the drugs often used to treat insomnia, including the class
38. Psychological Approaches Psychological approaches have by and large been limited to treatment of primary insomnia. Cognitive-behavioral
39. Psychological Approaches Stimulus control involves changing the environment associated with sleeping. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to get
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Слайд 2

Eating Disorders
Eating disorder - A psychological disorder
(1) disturbed patterns

of eating and
(2) maladaptive ways of controlling body
weight.
Anorexia nervosa - An eating disorder
(1) maintenance of an abnormally low body
weight,
(2) a distorted body image,
(3) intense fears of gaining weight, and
(4) in females, amenorrhea.
Bulimia nervosa - An eating disorder
(1) recurrent binge eating followed by self-induced purging,
(2) accompanied by overconcern with body weight and shape.

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Eating Disorders
Anorexia affects about 0.9% of women in our society (about

9 in 1,000).
Bulimia is believed to affect about 1% to 3% of women.
Rates of anorexia and bulimia among men are estimated at about 0.3% (3 in 1,000) for anorexia and 0.1% -0.3% (1 to 3 in a thousand) for bulimia.

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Overview of Eating Disorders

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Subtypes of Anorexia
There are two general subtypes of anorexia:
(1) A binge

eating / purging type
(2) a restrictive type.
First type characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating and purging; the second type is not.

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Medical Complications of Anorexia
Anorexia in extrem cases can be fatal.
Losses

of as much as 35% of body weight may occur, and anemia may develop.
Females suffering from anorexia are also likely to encounter dermatological problems such as dry, cracking skin; fine, downy hair; even a yellowish discoloration of the skin that may persist for years after weight is regained.
Cardiovascular complications include heart irregularities, hypotension (low blood pressure), and associated dizziness upon standing, sometimes causing blackouts.

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Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities

of food, followed by use of inappropriate ways to prevent weight gain.
These may include purging by means of selfinduced vomiting; use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas; or fasting or engaging in excessive exercise.

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The Case of Ann “I was just afraid to go home

and be around food.”

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Bulimia Nervosa

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Medical Complications of Bulimia
Vomiting: skin irritation around the mouth due to

frequent contact with stomach acid, blockage of salivary ducts, decay of tooth enamel, and dental cavities.
The acid from the vomit may damage taste receptors on the palate, making the person less sensitive to the taste of vomit with repeated purging.
Decreased sensitivity to the aversive taste of vomit may help maintain the purging behavior.

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Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia
The exact cause of bulimia nervosa is currently unknown, genetic, environmental,

psychological, and cultural influences. Some of the main causes for bulimia include: Stressful transitions or life changes
Most significant are social pressures that lead young women to base their self-worth on their physical appearance, especially their weight.

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Factors affecting eating disorder Socio cultural Factors Psychosocial Factors Family Factors Biological Factors

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Death by Starvation. A leading fashion model, Brazilian Ana Carolina Reston,

was just 21 when she died in 2006 from complications due to anorexia. At the time of her death, the 5'7" Reston weighed only 88 pounds. Anorexia is a widespread problem among fashion models today, as it is among people in other occupations in which great emphasis is put on unrealistic standards of thinness

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Diagnosis
Questining about eating habit
vomit regularly
lost a lot of weight recently
Weight

and BMI
pulse and blood pressure, temperature
blood tests to check your general health and the levels of chemicals or minerals such as potassium.

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Treatment of Eating Disorders
People with anorexia may be hospitalized, especially when

weight loss is severe or body weight is falling rapidly.
In the hospital they are usually placed on a closely monitored re feeding regimen.
Behavioral therapy
Medication - olanzapine
Medication alone isn't usually effective in treating anorexia. It's often only used in combination with the measures mentioned above to treat associated psychological problems, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or depression.

Слайд 16

Treatment of Eating Disorders
Cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT)
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
IPT focuses

on resolving interpersonal problems in the belief that more effective interpersonal functioning will lead to healthier food habits and attitudes.

Слайд 17

Binge-Eating Disorder
Binge-eating disorder (BED) –
Binge eating is a pattern of

disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is sometimes a symptom of binge eating disorder or compulsive overeating disorder. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food.
However, we do know that BED is more common than either anorexia or bulimia, affecting about 3% of women and 2% of men at some point in their lives.

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Diagnosis
discussion of your eating habit
binge-eating disorder, such as high cholesterol, high

blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, GERD, and some sleep-related breathing disorders. These tests may include:
A physical exam
Blood and urine tests
A sleep disorder center consultation

Слайд 19

Treatment
Psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Dialectical behavior therapy
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Medication - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)

Behavioral weight-loss programs

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Weight: A balancing act

Слайд 21

Rates of obesity (age 20 or higher).

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Sleep Disorders
Sleep disorders - Persistent or recurrent sleep related problems

that cause distress or impaired functioning.
People with sleep disorders may spend a few nights at a sleep center, where they are wired to devices that track their physiological responses during sleep or attempted sleep—brain waves, heart and respiration rates, and so on.
Sleep disorders within two major categories: Dyssomnias and Parasomnias.

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Dyssomnias
Dyssomnias - Sleep disorders involving disturbances in the amount, quality, or

timing of sleep.
There are five specific types of dyssomnias:
Primary insomnia
Hypersomnia.
Narcolepsy
Breathing-related sleep disorder
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder.

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Insomnia
Insomnia - Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep.
Primary

insomnia - A sleep disorder characterized by chronic or persistent insomnia not caused by another psychological or physical disorder or by the effects of drugs or medications.
Chronic insomnia lasting a month or longer is often a sign of an underlying physical problem or a psychological disorder, such as depression, substance abuse, or physical illness.

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Types of Sleep Disorders

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Hypersomnia
Hypersomnia - A pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day.
The excessive

sleepiness (sometimes referred to as “sleep drunkenness”) may take the form of difficulty awakening following a prolonged sleep period (typically 8 to 12 hours).

Слайд 27

Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy - A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, irresistible episodes of

sleep.
They remain asleep for about 15 minutes. The person can be in the midst of a conversation at one moment and slump to the floor fast asleep a moment later.

Слайд 28

Sleep Center. People with sleep disorders are often evaluated in sleep centers,

where their physiological responses can be monitored as they sleep.

Слайд 29

Narcolepsy
The diagnosis is made when sleep attacks occur daily for a

period of 3 months or longer and occur in conjunction with one or both of the following conditions:
(a) cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscular control)
(b) Intrusions of REM sleep in the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep.

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Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder
Breathing-related sleep disorder - A sleep disorder in which

sleep is repeatedly disrupted by difficulty with breathing normally.
The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea, which involves repeated episodes of either complete or partial obstruction of breathing during sleep.

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Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder - A sleep disorder

characterized by a mismatch between the body’s normal sleep–wake cycle and the demands of the environment.
The disruption in normal sleep patterns can lead to insomnia or hypersomnia.
For the disorder to be diagnosed, the mismatch must be persistent and severe enough to cause significant levels of distress or to impair the person’s ability to function in social, occupational, or other roles.

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Parasomnias
Parasomnias - Sleep disorders involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events that

occur during sleep or while falling asleep.
Nightmare disorder - A sleep disorder characterized by recurrent awakenings due to frightening nightmares.
Nightmares are often associated with traumatic experiences and generally occur most often when the individual is under stress.

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Sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a common disorder in which you have one

or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30 times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.

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Sleep Terror Disorder
It typically begins with a loud, piercing cry or

scream in the night. The child (most cases involve children) may be sitting up, appearing frightened and showing signs of extreme
These terrifying attacks, called sleep terrors, are more intense than ordinary nightmares.
Unlike nightmares, sleep terrors tend to occur during the first third of nightly sleep and during deep, non-
REM sleep

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Sleepwalking Disorder
Sleepwalking disorder - A sleep disorder involving repeated episodes of

sleepwalking.
Sleepwalking disorder is most common in children, affecting between 1% and 5% of children, according to some estimates (APA, 2000).
Between 10% and 30% of children are believed to have had at least one episode of sleepwalking.
The prevalence of the disorder among adults is unknown, as are its causes.

Слайд 36

Treatment of Sleep Disorders
The most common method for treating sleep disorders

is the use of sleep medications.
However, because of problems associated with these drugs, nonpharmacological treatment approaches, principally cognitive-behavioral therapy, have come to the fore.

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Biological Approaches
Antianxiety drugs are among the drugs often used to treat

insomnia, including the class of antianxiety drugs called benzodiazepines (for example, Valium and Ativan ).
When used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, sleep medications generally reduce the time it takes to get to sleep, increase total length of sleep, and reduce nightly awakenings.
Sleep medications can also produce chemical dependence if used regularly over time and can lead to tolerance

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Psychological Approaches
Psychological approaches have by and large been limited to treatment

of primary insomnia.
Cognitive-behavioral techniques are short term in emphasis and focus on directly lowering states of physiological arousal, modifying maladaptive sleeping habits, and changing dysfunctional thoughts.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists typically use a combination of techniques, including stimulus control, establishment of a regular sleep–wake cycle, relaxation training, and rational restructuring.

Слайд 39

Psychological Approaches
Stimulus control involves changing the environment associated with sleeping.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy

(CBT) to get to sleep and improved sleep quality.

Eating Disorders

Содержание

Eating DisordersEating disorder - A psychological disorder (1) disturbed patterns

Eating DisordersAnorexia affects about 0.9% of women in our society (about

Overview of Eating Disorders

Subtypes of AnorexiaThere are two general subtypes of anorexia:(1) A binge

Medical Complications of AnorexiaAnorexia in extrem cases can be fatal.Losses

Bulimia NervosaBulimia nervosa is recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities

The Case of Ann “I was just afraid to go home

Bulimia Nervosa

Medical Complications of BulimiaVomiting: skin irritation around the mouth due to

Causes of Anorexia and BulimiaThe exact cause of bulimia nervosa is currently unknown, genetic, environmental,

Factors affecting eating disorder Socio cultural Factors Psychosocial Factors Family Factors Biological Factors

Death by Starvation. A leading fashion model, Brazilian Ana Carolina Reston,

DiagnosisQuestining about eating habitvomit regularly lost a lot of weight recentlyWeight

Treatment of Eating DisordersPeople with anorexia may be hospitalized, especially when

Treatment of Eating DisordersCognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)IPT focuses

Binge-Eating DisorderBinge-eating disorder (BED) – Binge eating is a pattern of

Diagnosisdiscussion of your eating habitbinge-eating disorder, such as high cholesterol, high

Treatment PsychotherapyCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)Dialectical behavior therapyInterpersonal psychotherapyMedication - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)

Weight: A balancing act

Rates of obesity (age 20 or higher).

Sleep DisordersSleep disorders - Persistent or recurrent sleep related problems

DyssomniasDyssomnias - Sleep disorders involving disturbances in the amount, quality, or

InsomniaInsomnia - Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep.Primary