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- 2. The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition,
- 3. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the
- 4. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
- 5. B.Franklin whom the Scottish philosopher David Hume called America's "first great man of letters," embodied the
- 6. Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography
- 7. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure
- 8. Philanthropy means "love of humanity" in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing and enhancing "what it
- 9. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic
- 10. In many ways Franklin's life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual.
- 11. While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and practiced writing for the public.
- 12. When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated
- 13. He also had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self- scrutiny, and the desire
- 14. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and
- 15. 1. Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous
- 16. 2. Franklin's Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers
- 17. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity,
- 18. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is "Eat not to
- 19. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the
- 20. To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable calendrical record book in which he worked on
- 21. His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification.
- 22. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735 – 1813)
- 23. Naturalized in New York as John Hector St. John, he was a French-American writer
- 24. In 1755, he immigrated to New France in North America. There, he served in the French
- 25. Following the British defeat of the French Army in 1759, he moved to New York State,
- 26. In 1755, he immigrated to New France in North America. There, he served in the French
- 27. He started writing about life in the American colonies and the emergence of an American society.
- 28. In 1779, during the American Revolution, St. John tried to leave the country to return to
- 29. Accompanied by his son, he crossed British-American lines to enter British-occupied New York City, where he
- 30. In 1782, in London, he published a volume of narrative essays entitled the ‘Letters from an
- 31. The book gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America.
- 32. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New
- 33. The book quickly became the first literary success by an American author in Europe and turned
- 34. Crèvecoeur was the earliest European to develop a considered view of America and the new American
- 35. The first to use the ‘melting pot’ image of America (in a famous passage) he asks:
- 36. What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant
- 37. The first to use the ‘melting pot’ image of America (in a famous passage) he asks:
- 38. When the United States had been recognized by Britain following the Treaty of Paris in 1783,
- 39. Anxious to be reunited with his family, he learned that his wife had died his farm
- 40. Eventually, he was able to regain custody of his children. For most of the 1780s, Crèvecœur
- 41. The success of his book in France had led to his being taken up by an
- 42. The Political Pamphlet
- 43. Pamphlet, brief booklet; in the UNESCO definition, it is an unbound publication that is not a
- 44. After the invention of printing, short unbound or loosely bound booklets were called pamphlets
- 45. Since polemical and propagandist works on topical subjects were circulated in this form, the word came
- 46. The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature
- 47. The pamphlets thrilled patriots and threatened loyalists; they filled the role of drama, as they were
- 48. Thomas Paine's pamphlet ‘Common Sense’ sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its
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