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- International and Comparative Education. Academic Writing
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- 2. What is academic writing? Academic writing differs from other types of writing such as journalistic or
- 3. Planning for your writing task Preparing to write Analyze the assignment Choose a topic Write an
- 4. Structuring the course paper A course paper can/should be structured including the following with (sub) headings
- 5. Discussion Discuss your preliminary idea of a course paper topic. What do you find most difficult
- 6. Remember……… Academic writing is based on analysis, which aims to contribute to scholarly knowledge: Re-confirming existing
- 7. American Psychological Association (APA) Style APA Style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize
- 8. Note: We strongly recommend the use of APA for consistency. - APA publication manual style -Harvard
- 9. The Basics of APA Style Formatting your paper 12 point, Times New Roman or similar font
- 10. Why do I need to make references? Reading, understanding and correctly referencing the work of others
- 11. Some basics in referencing Quotations Citations Paraphrasing Summarizing Secondary references 9/23/2016
- 12. Quotations Short quotations: If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include
- 13. Paraphrasing Presenting an idea or argument in your own words Ensure it is significantly altered from
- 14. Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words A paraphrase is... your own rendition of essential information
- 15. Paraphrasing Exercise "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the
- 16. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answer According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing
- 17. Citing an Author or Authors A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal
- 18. Referencing (contd.) Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source,
- 19. Referencing (contd.) Article From an Online Periodical Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles.
- 20. Reference List At the end of your work include a list of references List in alphabetical
- 21. Group Activity: Reference Listing There is at least one mistake in every entry. Correct them and
- 22. References Academic Writing and Citation Support (2016) APA Exercise Reference List Tru Libraries Retrieved from http://libguides.tru.ca/c.php?g=194062&p=1277340
- 24. Скачать презентацию
What is academic writing?
Academic writing differs from other types of writing
What is academic writing?
Academic writing differs from other types of writing
An academic argument appeals to logic and provides evidence in support of an intellectual position
Present your arguments in logical order and to arrive at conclusions
In academic writing, writers always interact with each others’ texts and so there will be frequent references to the ideas, thinking or research of other authors writing in this field
give credit to those with whom you are interacting and there are structured guidelines for referencing and citation
the author takes a critical approach to the material being explored (Crème & Lea, 2003 & Borg, 2008)
Source: Academic Writing and Citation Support (2016)
Planning for your writing task
Preparing to write
Analyze the assignment
Choose a topic
Write
Planning for your writing task
Preparing to write
Analyze the assignment
Choose a topic
Write
Start writing
Factor in time to gather, absorb and plan your arguments before composing text
Formulate clear aim/objectives of the paper
Intertextuality: Making connections between texts and putting forward your own understanding
After finalizing the assignment
Go through the assignment for fine-tuning (formatting, language check etc.)
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing
9/23/2016
Structuring the course paper
A course paper can/should be structured including the
Structuring the course paper
A course paper can/should be structured including the
Title page
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables/Figures
Main text may include (page numbers to be inserted)
Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3 Method
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Limitations of the Study
2. Key concepts and/or theories
3. Presentation of the results
4. Analysis/Discussion
5. Concluding Remarks or Summary
6. Reference list for the literature used
7. Appendix
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing
An example
The Course Paper should be within 3000-4000 words
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Discussion
Discuss your preliminary idea of a course paper topic.
What do you
Discussion
Discuss your preliminary idea of a course paper topic.
What do you
9/23/2016
Remember………
Academic writing is based on analysis, which aims to contribute to
Remember………
Academic writing is based on analysis, which aims to contribute to
Re-confirming existing theory, developing new theory, critical analysis of existing theory
2. Consistency following rules, rigid structure
Efficient communication of scientific findings to the broader community of scientists in a uniform manner
3. Plagiarism (use of other words and ideas without citation) is unethical
4. Structure logical sentences and avoid using colloquial language
9/23/2016
American Psychological Association (APA) Style
APA Style was developed by social and
American Psychological Association (APA) Style
APA Style was developed by social and
APA Style is used for
term papers
research reports
emperical studies
literature reviews
theoretical articles
methodological articles and
case studies
Resources on apastyle.org
Learning resources: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx
Includes links to free tutorials
Free tutorials
The Basics of APA Style resourceshttp://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm?_ga=1.150155638.1577109340.1472547772
9/23/2016
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing
Note: We strongly recommend the use of APA for consistency.
-
Note: We strongly recommend the use of APA for consistency. -
9/23/2016
The Basics of APA Style
Formatting your paper
12 point, Times New Roman
The Basics of APA Style
Formatting your paper
12 point, Times New Roman
1 inch margins, 1 1/2 inch for the left hand margin (Journal submissions call for 1 inch margins all around)
Number pages consecutively
Indent the first line of each paragraph by five spaces (tab button)
9/23/2016
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing
Why do I need to make references?
Reading, understanding and correctly referencing
Why do I need to make references?
Reading, understanding and correctly referencing
By referencing correctly you will:
Protect yourself against accusations of plagiarism
Demonstrate that you have read widely
Show your understanding of a topic
Support you arguments with published research
Fosters RESPECT for collegial knowledge
If you do not reference correctly you may commit plagiarism, which is seen as an academic misconduct and subjects you to penalities.
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing
9/23/2016
Some basics in referencing
Quotations
Citations
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Secondary references
9/23/2016
Some basics in referencing
Quotations
Citations
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Secondary references
9/23/2016
Quotations
Short quotations: If you are directly quoting from a work,
Quotations
Short quotations: If you are directly quoting from a work,
Note: In course papers there should really only be one long quotation.
Long quotations: Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to
the fact that many students failed to purchase
a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
9/23/2016
Paraphrasing
Presenting an idea or argument in your own words
Ensure it is
Paraphrasing
Presenting an idea or argument in your own words
Ensure it is
Paraphrases relate to specific sections of a work, so it is a good practice to include the page number as you would do with a direct quotation
Effectively preparing patients by dealing with questions, setting goals and making the patient feel involved in their care can significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and may have a positive impact on their subsequent recovery (Lees, 2010, p.11).
9/23/2016
Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition
Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original
Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/
9/23/2016
Paraphrasing Exercise
"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on
Paraphrasing Exercise
"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on
Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1
9/23/2016
Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answer
According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people
Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answer
According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people
9/23/2016
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016
Citing an Author or Authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors
Citing an Author or Authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016
Referencing
9/23/2016
Referencing (contd.)
Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited
Referencing (contd.)
Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try to locate the original material and cite the original source.
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
Kenneth (2000) explained...
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016
9/23/2016
Referencing (contd.)
Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines
Referencing (contd.)
Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Chapter/Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).
Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/index.html
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016
9/23/2016
Reference List
At the end of your work include a list of
Reference List
At the end of your work include a list of
List in alphabetical order by author, do not separate into different types of work
List only the material you have cited directly in your assignment
Bibliography. Lists all the material you have read, whether cited in your assignment or not.
9/23/2016
Group Activity: Reference Listing
There is at least one mistake in every
Group Activity: Reference Listing
There is at least one mistake in every
1. Brett, P. 1994. A genre analysis of the results sections of sociology articles. English for Specific Purposes, 13, 47-59.
Bridgeman, B., & Carlson, S. B. Survey of academic writing tasks. Written Communication, 1, 247-280.
Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Clyne, M. (1983). Culture and discourse structure. In Smith L. E.(Ed.), Readings in English as an international language (pp. 163-167). London: Prentice Hall.
Collinson, D. J. (1982). Writing English. Wildwood House.
Dudley-Evans, A. (1984). "A preliminary investigation of the writing of dissertation titles". In G.
James (Ed.), The ESP classroom: Methodology, materials and expectations (pp. 40-46). Exeter: University of Exeter.
Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. London: Hutchinson.
Grellet, F. (1981). Developing reading skills. Cambridge.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & K. B. Courter (1984). Research matters. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & Heasley, B. (1987). Study writing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.comAmerican Dietetic Association. (2004). EatRight.org Home Page. Retrieved June16, 2004.
Fitzgibbon, M. and Stolley, M. (2000, December). Minority women: The untold story. In
NOVA Online: Dying to be thin. Retrieved June 27, 2004,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/thin/minorities.html
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016
References
Academic Writing and Citation Support (2016) APA Exercise Reference List Tru
References
Academic Writing and Citation Support (2016) APA Exercise Reference List Tru
http://libguides.tru.ca/c.php?g=194062&p=1277340
Fitzmaurice, M &O’Farrell, C (n.d.) Developing your academic writing skills: A Handbook Academic Practice & eLearning Trinity College Dublin Retrieved fromhttps://www.tcd.ie/CAPSL/readysteadywrite/AcademicWritingHandbook.pdf
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2016) APA Style Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/
9/23/2016