The Study of Social Problems

Июль 26, 2022

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The Study of Social Problems

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2. What is a Social Problem? C. Wright Mills distinguished between personal troubles and public issues Personal
3. Objective Elements of Social Problems Awareness of social conditions through life experiences and through reports in
4. Subjective Elements of Social Problems The belief that a particular social condition is harmful to society
5. What is a Social Problem? A social problem exists: when an influential group defines a social
6. The Social Context of Social Problems Social conditions that can lead to the emergence of social
7. Types of Social Norms Folkways - customs and manners of society. Laws - formal norms backed
8. Social Institutions An institution is an established and enduring pattern of social relationships. The five traditional
9. Culture Culture is defined as the meanings and ways of life that characterize a society including
10. Elements of Culture Beliefs are definitions and explanations about what is assumed to be true. Values
11. Elements of Culture Norms Socially defined rules of behavior. Sanctions Consequences for conforming to or violating
12. Theoretical Approaches on Social Problems A theoretical perspective provides some fundamental assumptions about the nature and
13. The Functionalist Perspective Society is a system that is made up of a number of interrelated
14. The Conflict Perspective Society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the
15. Conflict Theories of Social Problems There are two general types of conflict theories of social problems:
16. Marxist Conflict Theories According to Marxist theorists, social problems result from class inequality inherent in a
17. Non-Marxist Conflict Theories Concerned with conflict that arises when groups have opposing values and interests. These
18. The Interactionist Perspective Interactionism focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather than on large scale
20. Research on Social Problems Science is a method of obtaining objective and systematic knowledge through observation.
21. Stages of Conducting a Research Study Formulating a research question. Reviewing the literature. Defining variables. Formulating
22. Variable Any measurable event, characteristic, or property that varies or is subject to change. Researchers must
23. Hypothesis A prediction about how one variable is related to another variable. The dependent variable is
24. Four Types of Sociological Research Direct observation The social scientist sees or hears something him or
25. Assessing Data Sampling problems Upon whom or what were the observations made? Samples should be representative.
26. Future Prospects Solutions to social problems can fall into one of the following categories. Prevention Intervention
27. Who Provides Solutions? “Collective action” means that people work together toward a solution. A social movement
29. Should we solve the problems? Can we accept the costs of the solution? Does a solution
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Слайд 2

What is a Social Problem?
C. Wright Mills distinguished between personal troubles

and public issues

Personal troubles
are things that
affect individuals
and their immediate
surroundings
Public issues
have an impact
on large numbers
of people
and are matters
of public debate

Слайд 3

Objective Elements of Social Problems
Awareness of social conditions through life experiences

and through reports in the media.
We see the homeless, hear gunfire in the streets, and see battered women in hospital emergency rooms.
We read about employees losing their jobs as businesses downsize and factories close.

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Subjective Elements of Social Problems
The belief that a particular social condition

is harmful to society or to a segment of society and that it should and can be changed.
We know crime, drug addiction, poverty, racism, violence, and pollution exist.
These are not considered social problems unless a segment of society believes these conditions diminish the quality of human life.

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What is a Social Problem?
A social problem exists:
when an influential

group defines a social condition as threatening its values
when a condition affects a large number of people
and when the condition can be remedied by collective action

Слайд 6

The Social Context of Social Problems
Social conditions that can lead to

the emergence of social problems
Deviation from group values & norms
A decline in the effectiveness of social institutions
Extensive social & cultural diversity
The exercise of power

Слайд 7

Types of Social Norms
Folkways - customs and manners of society.
Laws -

formal norms backed by authority.
Mores - norms with a moral basis.
Situational – norms that change according to a given situation.

Слайд 8

Social Institutions
An institution is an established and enduring pattern of

social relationships.
The five traditional institutions are:
Family
Religion
Politics
Economics
Education

Слайд 9

Culture
Culture is defined as the meanings and ways of life that

characterize a society including beliefs, values, norms, sanctions, and symbols.

Слайд 10

Elements of Culture
Beliefs are definitions and explanations about what is assumed

to be true.
Values are social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.

Слайд 11

Elements of Culture
Norms
Socially defined rules of behavior.
Sanctions
Consequences for conforming to or

violating norms.
Symbols
Language, gestures, and objects whose meaning is commonly understood by the members of a society.

Слайд 12

Theoretical Approaches on Social Problems
A theoretical perspective provides some fundamental assumptions about

the nature and operation of society.
Macrosociological perspectives focus on large groups, social institutions and society as a whole.
Microsociological perspectives focus on the intimate level of everyday interactions between people.

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The Functionalist Perspective
Society is a system that is made up of

a number of interrelated elements, each performing a function that contributes to the operation of the whole.
Robert K. Merton distinguished between manifest functions, latent functions, and dysfunctions.

Слайд 14

The Conflict Perspective
Society consists of different groups who struggle with one

another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable, be they money, power, prestige, or the authority to impose one’s values on society.
Karl Marx provided the framework based on the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

Слайд 15

Conflict Theories of Social Problems
There are two general types of conflict

theories of social problems:
Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from economic inequalities.
Non-Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from competing values and interests among social groups.

Слайд 16

Marxist Conflict Theories
According to Marxist theorists, social problems result from class

inequality inherent in a capitalistic system.
Marxist conflict theories also focus on the problem of alienation.
Conflict can create positive change

Слайд 17

Non-Marxist Conflict Theories
Concerned with conflict that arises when groups have opposing

values and interests.
These value positions reflect different subjective interpretations of what constitutes a social problem.
Ultimately, conflict is, and always will be, inevitable.

Слайд 18

The Interactionist Perspective
Interactionism focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather

than on large scale societal structures.
William and Dorothy Thomas stated that “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
The definition of the situation refers to people’s perceptions and interpretations of what is important in a situation and what actions are appropriate.

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Research on Social Problems
Science is a method of obtaining objective and

systematic knowledge through observation.
Hypotheses are tentative statements that can be tested regarding relationships between two or more factors, and that act as links between theory and research.

Слайд 21

Stages of Conducting a Research Study
Formulating a research question.
Reviewing the literature.
Defining

variables.
Formulating a hypothesis.
Design research method
Collect and analyze data
Form conclusion and publish results

Слайд 22

Variable
Any measurable event, characteristic, or property that varies or is subject

to change.
Researchers must operationally define the variables they study.
An operational definition specifies how a variable is to be measured.
Operational definitions are particularly important for defining variables that cannot be directly observed.

Слайд 23

Hypothesis
A prediction about how one variable is related to another variable.

The dependent variable is the variable that the researcher wants to explain.
The independent variable is the variable that is expected to explain change in the dependent variable.

Слайд 24

Four Types of Sociological Research
Direct observation
The social scientist sees or

hears something him or herself
Surveys
People are asked questions
Archival research
Information collected by some other agency for reasons other than research
Experiments
Controlled methods of collecting evidence

Слайд 25

Assessing Data
Sampling problems
Upon whom or what were the observations made?
Samples should

be representative.
The three criteria to establish causality
Observe associations or correlations
Ensure time sequence
Avoid spurious relationships

Слайд 26

Future Prospects
Solutions to social problems can fall into one of the

following categories.
Prevention
Intervention
Social reform
Reconstruction
Alleviating consequences

Слайд 27

Who Provides Solutions?
“Collective action” means that people work together toward a

solution.
A social movement is a collective, organized effort to promote or resist social change through some noninstitutionalized or unconventional means.

Слайд 28

Слайд 29

Should we solve the problems?
Can we accept the costs of the

solution?
Does a solution to one problem create yet other problems?
Is a particular solution feasible?

The Study of Social Problems

Содержание

What is a Social Problem?C. Wright Mills distinguished between personal troubles

Objective Elements of Social ProblemsAwareness of social conditions through life experiences

Subjective Elements of Social ProblemsThe belief that a particular social condition

What is a Social Problem?A social problem exists: when an influential

The Social Context of Social ProblemsSocial conditions that can lead to

Types of Social NormsFolkways - customs and manners of society.Laws -

Social Institutions An institution is an established and enduring pattern of

CultureCulture is defined as the meanings and ways of life that

Elements of CultureBeliefs are definitions and explanations about what is assumed

Elements of CultureNormsSocially defined rules of behavior.SanctionsConsequences for conforming to or

Theoretical Approaches on Social ProblemsA theoretical perspective provides some fundamental assumptions about

The Functionalist PerspectiveSociety is a system that is made up of

The Conflict PerspectiveSociety consists of different groups who struggle with one

Conflict Theories of Social ProblemsThere are two general types of conflict

Marxist Conflict TheoriesAccording to Marxist theorists, social problems result from class

Non-Marxist Conflict TheoriesConcerned with conflict that arises when groups have opposing

The Interactionist PerspectiveInteractionism focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather

Research on Social ProblemsScience is a method of obtaining objective and

Stages of Conducting a Research StudyFormulating a research question.Reviewing the literature.Defining

VariableAny measurable event, characteristic, or property that varies or is subject

HypothesisA prediction about how one variable is related to another variable.

Four Types of Sociological Research Direct observationThe social scientist sees or

Assessing DataSampling problemsUpon whom or what were the observations made?Samples should

Future ProspectsSolutions to social problems can fall into one of the

Who Provides Solutions?“Collective action” means that people work together toward a

Should we solve the problems?Can we accept the costs of the

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