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- 2. Microorganisms are widespread. Microbes are distributed everywhere in the environment surrounding us. They are found in
- 3. The environment is a transmission factor of infectious diseases. Potentially pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms get to
- 4. Sanitary microbiology is a science that studies the microflora of the environment and its harmful effect
- 5. Direct detection of pathogenic microorganisms in the different objects of environment, in general, is complicated because
- 6. Total viable count (TVC) is used for evaluation of total microbial contamination. TVC is the number
- 7. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms (SIMs) or sanitary-indicative bacteria are used for indirect evaluation of possible presence of pathogens
- 8. Presence of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis on environmental objects is indicative of fecal contamination. Escherichia
- 9. Simultaneous isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococci indicates possible contamination by oral droplets. Staphylococcus aureus
- 10. If the amount of SIMs increases in environmental objects, the probability of the presence of pathogenic
- 11. WATER MICROFLORA Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus roseus etc., are among the specific aquatic aerobic microorganisms. Anaerobic bacteria
- 12. The microflora of rivers depends on the degree of pollution and the quality of purification of
- 13. https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/laketyrrell/research/
- 14. Water is an important factor for the transmission of a number of infectious diseases (enteric fever,
- 15. How do we monitor the sanitary quality of water? There are many kinds of pathogens that
- 16. The sanitary - bacteriological investigation of water includes: 1) determination of total viable count in 1
- 17. Giardia lamblia T4 bacteriophages infecting a live E. coli bacteria cell http://www.hyglos.de/en/technology.html Desulfovibrio vulgaris is the
- 18. 1. Sampling: 500 ml (tap water and purified water), 20 ml (water for injection), 100 ml
- 19. If there are more than 300 colonies do 10-fold dilutions (1: 10; 1: 100, etc.). When
- 20. Gram negative asporogenous small rods that do not have oxidase activity and ferment lactose to acid
- 21. MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD The investigated water (3 x 100 ml) are filtered through the three bacterial
- 22. MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD From 2 to 3 red-colored colonies are used for preparation of smear and
- 23. MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD The index of CFU (colony forming units) of coliforms in 100 ml water
- 24. What are the standards for drinking water? The USEPA issued revised Primary Drinking Water Standards in
- 25. STANDARDS The drinking water should not have more than 50 microbes in 1 ml. The microbial
- 26. Soil Microflora Soil fertility depends not only on the presence of inorganic and organic substances, but
- 27. Soil microflora consists bacteria (nitrifying, nitrogen-fixing, denitrifying), cellulose-splitting and sulfur bacteria, pigmented microbes fungi, protozoa, etc.
- 28. The greatest amount of microbes (1 000000 per cubic cm) is found in the top layer
- 29. The number of microorganisms in the soil depends on the extent of contamination with faeces and
- 30. Usually the soil is an unfavourable habitat for most pathogenic species of bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi,
- 31. Taking into consideration the definite epidemiological role played by the soil in spreading some infectious diseases
- 32. The sanitary-indicative bacteria of the soil are 1) E. coli/Enterococcus faecalis E. Coli (Gram Stain) Enterococcus
- 33. The sanitary-indicative bacteria of the soil are 2) Citrobacter spp. /Enterobacter spp.
- 34. The sanitary-indicative bacteria of the soil are 3) Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens (Gram Stain)
- 35. More accurate evaluation is performed using coli-index — number of Enterobacteriaceae (so called coliform bacteria) found
- 36. Determination of Soil TVC For this purpose it is necessary to select most typical area not
- 37. Determination of Soil TVC 1. Prepare 10-fold dilutions (1:10, 1: 100, etc.) in an isotonic sterile
- 38. Determination of Perfringens-titer Seeding onto the Wilson-Blair medium: black colonies are formed and the gas breaks
- 39. AIR MICROFLORA The composition of the microbes of the air is quite variable. Then more dust,
- 40. The number of microbes in factories and homes is associated closely with the sanitary hygienic conditions
- 41. Pathogenic Species of Microbes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Gram Stain) Anthrax bacilli (Gram Stain) Francisella tularensis (Gram Stain)
- 42. The air is an unfavourable medium for microbes. The absence of nutrient substances, the presence of
- 43. The laboratory investigation of air is carried out to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of
- 44. Sanitary-indicative bacteria of air of closed buildings are 1) Streptococcus viridans 2) Streptococcus haemolyticus 3) Staphylococcus
- 45. The sanitary - bacteriological investigation of air includes: 1) determination the total viable count (TVC) in
- 46. Plate method (sedimentation method) The Petri’s dishes with meat-peptone agar or another special nutrient media for
- 47. ASPIRATION METHOD Krotov’s apparatus is used for bacteriological air research. It give us the possibility to
- 48. ASPIRATION METHOD For example, 250 colonies are revealed on the surface of dish after 2-minutes exposure
- 49. Determination of Staphylococci and Streptococci Using Krotov’s apparatus 250 L of air are seeded on the
- 50. Staphylococci and Streptococci colonies Staphylococcus aureus colony morhology on TSA. Cultivation 24 hours in an aerobic
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