Motivation and emotions

Июль 29, 2022

Главная
Психология
Motivation and emotions

Содержание

2. 1. Motivation Motivation is the conscious or unconscious stimulus for action towards a desired goal provided
3. Motivation Intrinsic Extrinsic
4. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task
5. Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, which
6. Motive - a reason for a certain course of action, whether conscious or unconscious Primary Secondary
7. Primary motives help us to satisfy basic needs, such as those for food, drink, warmth, and
8. Secondary motives (such as friendship or freedom) are acquired or learned, and the needs they satisfy
9. 2. The main theories of motivation Maslow’s theory Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) in 1954 constructed a hierarchy
10. Maslow’s theory of motivation (continuation) Maslow believed that higher level needs will only emerge when lower
11. Hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s pyramid)
12. Homeostatic drive theory The basic idea in this theory is that it is important to maintain
13. Drive reduction theory incorporated ideas about reinforcement into the basic homeostatic theory, suggesting that behaviors that
14. Goal theory attempts to explain why we do what we do in terms of cognitive factors,
15. 3. Emotions Emotions, in general, are complex evaluative (positive or negative) reactions of the nervous system
16. Feeling A feeling is a sensation that has been checked against previous experiences and labelled. It
17. Emotion An emotion is the projection/display of a feeling. Unlike feelings, the display of emotion can
18. Emotions and feelings Emotions are measurable physical responses to salient stimuli. For example: the increased heartbeat
19. Affect An affect is a non-conscious experience of intensity; it is a moment of unformed and
20. Feelings are personal and biographical, emotions are social, and affects are prepersonal. Affect is the most
21. Emotions have been defined as biobehavioral systems comprising at least four core components: a subjective experience,
22. For example, the emotion of fear comprises the subjective experience of apprehension, the physiological reaction of
23. Moods Moods have an evaluative quality of being either positive or negative and can vary in
24. Mood and Emotion. Differences 1. Therefore, moods encompass a broader range of subjective states than classically
25. 3. Emotions have an identifiable trigger or event that activates the coordinated response, moods often seem
26. 4. . Emotions Primary Secondary
27. Primary emotions (i.e., innate emotions) depend on limbic system circuitry, with the amygdale and anterior cingulate
28. Secondary emotions (i.e., feelings attached to objects, events, and situations through learning) require additional input, based
30. Emotions Positive (have beneficial effects for personality) Negative (have destructive effects for personality)
31. Positive and negative emotions Emotions are not intrinsically positive or negative; some emotions, conceptualised as negative,
32. 5. Theories of emotion. Early theories Early psychological studies of emotion tried to determine whether a
33. The James-Lange theory of emotion In 1884 James published what became known as the James-Lange theory
34. The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion In the 1960s, the Schachter-Singer theory (“The two-factor theory of emotion”)
35. The Plutchik’s theory of emotion Robert Plutchik developed (1980) a theory showing eight primary human emotions:
36. Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
37. Psychologists Sylvan Tomkins (1963) and Paul Ekman (1982) have contended that "basic" emotions can be quantified
38. D-r Paul Ekman demonstrates a set of facial expressions.
39. Ekman's research Studies done by Ekman suggest that muscular feedback from a facial expression characteristic of
40. Affective events theory This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano
42. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

1. Motivation
Motivation is the conscious or unconscious stimulus for action towards

a desired goal provided by psychological or social factors; that which gives purpose or direction to behavior.

Слайд 3

Motivation
Intrinsic
Extrinsic

Слайд 4

Intrinsic motivation
refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or

enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic Motivation is based on taking pleasure in an activity rather working towards an external reward.

Слайд 5

Extrinsic motivation
refers to the performance of an activity in order to

attain an outcome, which then contradicts intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, coercion and threat of punishment.

Слайд 6

Motive - a reason for a certain course of action, whether

conscious or unconscious

Primary

Secondary

Слайд 7

Primary motives
help us to satisfy basic needs, such as those for

food, drink, warmth, and shelter. These needs have to be satisfied to ensure survival and they do not respond readily to attempts to control them voluntarily - one reason why it is so hard to regulate. Some of them are cyclical (e.g eating and drinking) and the force with which they are felt increases and decreases in a more or less regular way.

Слайд 8

Secondary motives
(such as friendship or freedom) are acquired or learned, and

the needs they satisfy may, or may not, be indirectly related to primary motives. Some secondary motives are easily recognized: the need for friendship, or for independence, or being nice to someone out of guilt. Others may be outside conscious awareness, such as those things that I do to enhance or
protect my self-esteem.

Слайд 9

2. The main theories of motivation Maslow’s theory
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
in

1954 constructed
a hierarchy ranging from
lower level needs,
satisfying which reduces deficiencies in physiological systems (needs for food and water), to higher level personal or abstract needs.

Слайд 10

Maslow’s theory of motivation (continuation)
Maslow believed that higher level needs will only

emerge when lower level needs are satisfied.
The value of this theory has mainly been in the impetus it provided to the development of humanistic types of therapy.

Слайд 11

Hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s pyramid)

Слайд 12

Homeostatic drive theory
The basic idea in this theory is that it

is important to maintain a reasonably constant internal environment. Any move away from this, or imbalance, prompts action to restore the balanced state. The action is 'driven' by the sense of imbalance, and
continues until the balance
is restored: hunger send us
to the kitchen.

Слайд 13

Drive reduction theory
incorporated ideas about reinforcement into the basic homeostatic theory,

suggesting that behaviors that successfully reduce a drive, like eating when you are hungry, will be experienced as pleasurable and thus be reinforced. The motivation to continue the behavior decreases as the drive is satisfied. We should
therefore slow down, or stop eating
when no longer hungry.

Слайд 14

Goal theory
attempts to explain why we do what we do in

terms of cognitive factors, suggesting that the key to someone's motivation is what they are consciously trying to do: their goal. This theory suggests that people will work harder, and use more resources when the goal is harder to achieve, and the harder the goal
the higher the level of performance.

Слайд 15

3. Emotions
Emotions, in general, are complex evaluative (positive or negative) reactions

of the nervous system in response to external or internal stimuli.

Слайд 16

Feeling
A feeling is a sensation that has been checked against previous

experiences and labelled. It is personal and biographical because every person has a distinct set of previous sensations. An infant does not experience feelings because she/he lacks both language and biography.

Слайд 17

Emotion
An emotion is the projection/display of a feeling. Unlike feelings, the

display of emotion can be either genuine or feigned. We broadcast emotion to the world; sometimes that broadcast is an expression of our internal state and other times it is contrived in order to fulfill social expectations.

Слайд 18

Emotions and feelings
Emotions are measurable physical responses to salient stimuli. For

example: the increased heartbeat and perspiration that accompany fear, the extra muscle tension that accompanies anger.
Feelings are the subjective experiences that sometimes accompany these processes: the sensations of happiness, envy, sadness, and so on.

Слайд 19

Affect
An affect is a non-conscious experience of intensity; it is a

moment of unformed and unstructured potential.

Слайд 20

Feelings are personal and biographical, emotions are social, and affects are

prepersonal. Affect is the most abstract because affect cannot be fully realised in language, and because affect is always prior to and/or outside of consciousness (Massumi, Parables). Affect is the body’s way of preparing itself for action in a given circumstance by adding a quantitative dimension of intensity to the quality of an experience.

Слайд 21

Emotions have been defined as biobehavioral systems comprising at least four

core components:
a subjective experience,
a physiological reaction,
an expressive component (e.g.,
a facial expression), and
a behavioral response.

Слайд 22

For example, the emotion of fear comprises the subjective experience of

apprehension, the physiological reaction of increased heart rate and general sympathetic activation, the facial expression of raised eyebrows and wide-open eyes, and the behavioral response of either freezing or fleeing. These components occur as part of an intense, coordinated response that lasts for a very brief period of time, usually for only a matter of seconds or minutes. Affective experiences comprising these four components have been conceptualized as basic emotions.

Слайд 23

Moods
Moods have an evaluative quality of being either positive or negative

and can vary in relative intensity and duration. Additionally, the concept of mood includes an array of low-intensity states (e.g., calm, quiet, sleepy) and mixed states (e.g., nostalgia) that are not traditionally considered to represent emotions.

Слайд 24

Mood and Emotion. Differences
1. Therefore, moods encompass a broader range of subjective

states than classically defined emotions.
2. Whereas emotions are brief and intense, moods can be less dramatic and can last much longer.

Слайд 25

3. Emotions have an identifiable trigger or event that activates the

coordinated response, moods often seem to arise without a clear trigger or reference point and later dissipate without a clear intervention or change in the environment.

Слайд 26

4. .
Emotions
Primary
Secondary

Слайд 27

Primary emotions
(i.e., innate emotions) depend on limbic system circuitry, with the

amygdale and anterior cingulate gyrus being ‘key players’.

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, wonder …

Слайд 28

Secondary emotions
(i.e., feelings attached to objects, events, and situations through learning)

require additional input, based largely on memory, from the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices. Thoughts and emotions are interwoven: every thought, however bland, almost always carries with it some emotional undertone, however subtle.

homesickness, love, pride, shame, guilt …

Слайд 29

Слайд 30

Emotions
Positive (have beneficial effects for personality)
Negative (have destructive effects for personality)

Слайд 31

Positive and negative emotions
Emotions are not intrinsically positive or negative; some

emotions, conceptualised as negative, are actually beneficial for an individual, and vice versa.

Give your own examples

Слайд 32

5. Theories of emotion. Early theories
Early psychological studies of emotion tried to

determine whether a certain emotion arose before the action, simultaneously with it, or as a response to automatic physiological processes.
The characteristic expression of emotion was studied extensively by Charles Darwin (1809-1882),
resulting in the classic “The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals” (1872).
He examined the evolution of emotional
responses and facial expressions.

Слайд 33

The James-Lange theory of emotion
In 1884 James published what became

known as the James-Lange theory of emotion whose main contention is that we feel as we do in virtue of the bodily expressions and behaviour that we are prompted towards, rather than the other way round: ‘our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion’.

Слайд 34

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
In the 1960s, the Schachter-Singer theory (“The

two-factor theory of emotion”) pointed out that cognitive processes, not just physiological reactions, played a significant role in determining emotions.
They suggested that bodily states must be accompanied by cognitive appraisal for an emotion to occur.

Слайд 35

The Plutchik’s theory of emotion
Robert Plutchik developed (1980) a theory showing

eight primary human emotions: joy, acceptance, fear, submission, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation, and argued that all human emotions can be derived from these.

Слайд 36

Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions

Слайд 37

Psychologists Sylvan Tomkins (1963) and Paul Ekman (1982) have contended that

"basic" emotions can be quantified because all humans employ the same facial muscles when expressing a particular emotion.

Слайд 38

D-r Paul Ekman demonstrates a set of facial expressions.

Слайд 39

Ekman's research
Studies done by Ekman suggest that muscular feedback from a

facial expression characteristic of a certain emotion results in the experience of that emotion.
Ekman's research on universally recognized facial emotions has led to discussions on the existence and enumeration of the fundamental emotions that can act as basic building blocks of our entire emotional repertoire. Based on such research up to seven emotions have been proposed: anger, disgust, fear, sadness, joy, shame, and guilt.

Слайд 40

Affective events theory
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M.

Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors.

Motivation and emotions

Содержание

1. MotivationMotivation is the conscious or unconscious stimulus for action towards

MotivationIntrinsicExtrinsic

Intrinsic motivationrefers to motivation that is driven by an interest or

Extrinsic motivationrefers to the performance of an activity in order to

Motive - a reason for a certain course of action, whether

Primary motiveshelp us to satisfy basic needs, such as those for

Secondary motives(such as friendship or freedom) are acquired or learned, and

2. The main theories of motivation Maslow’s theoryAbraham Maslow (1908-1970) in

Maslow’s theory of motivation (continuation)Maslow believed that higher level needs will only

Hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s pyramid)

Homeostatic drive theoryThe basic idea in this theory is that it

Drive reduction theoryincorporated ideas about reinforcement into the basic homeostatic theory,

Goal theoryattempts to explain why we do what we do in

3. EmotionsEmotions, in general, are complex evaluative (positive or negative) reactions

FeelingA feeling is a sensation that has been checked against previous

EmotionAn emotion is the projection/display of a feeling. Unlike feelings, the

Emotions and feelingsEmotions are measurable physical responses to salient stimuli. For

AffectAn affect is a non-conscious experience of intensity; it is a