Martes zibellina

of mink native to northern Asia, active and hunting during the day. Hunts small prey, including rodents, birds and fish, by smell and hearing. The fur of sable is called mink, which is only produced in the northeast region of China, and is called "the three treasures of the northeast" together with "ginseng and deer antler". Widely distributed in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, Mongolia, Northeast China and Hokkaido, Japan and other places.
紫貂（学名：Martes zibellina）紫貂是一种原产于亚洲北部的水貂，白天活动和狩猎。 通过嗅觉和听觉捕猎小型猎物，包括啮齿动物、鸟类和鱼类。紫貂皮称为貂皮，仅产于中国东北地区，与“人参、鹿茸”并称为“东北三宝”。 广泛分布于乌拉尔山脉、西伯利亚、蒙古、中国东北及日本北海道等地。

has a tail length of 12 cm, and has a life span of about 8-15 years. The body is slender, the limbs are short and strong.Wild sables are brown-black or brown all over (domestic sables are black, white, blue, yellow, etc.); slightly mixed with white needle hair; the head is light gray-brown, the ear margins are white, and there are yellow or yellow-white throat spots The chin coat is orange-yellow-brown; the chest is tan, and the belly is pale. The winter hair is dense, the coat is thick, the whole body coat is tan, the chest, abdomen and body sides are the same color, and the white needle hair is scattered all over the body.紫貂长约40厘米，重约1公斤，尾长12厘米，寿命约8-15年。身体细长，四肢短而结实。野生紫貂全身棕黑色或棕褐色（国内紫貂有黑、白、蓝、黄等）；略混有白针毛；头部浅灰褐色，耳缘白色，喉部有黄色或黄白色斑点，颏毛橙黄褐色；胸部是棕褐色的，腹部是苍白的。冬毛浓密，被毛厚实，全身被毛呈棕褐色，胸腹及体侧同色，全身散落着白色的针毛。

Morphological characteristics形态特征

coniferous and broad-leaved forest area at an altitude of 800-1600 meters, located north of 41° north latitude. The Da Xing‘an Mountains and some Xiao Xing’an Mountains and the Altai Mountains belong to the sub-frigid coniferous forest zone. The altitude is between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. snow forest climate. The Xiaoxinganling and Changbai Mountains belong to the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone, with an altitude of about 1000-1600 meters. The climate is relatively humid and cool due to its proximity to the ocean, and the vegetation is very rich. There are tree species such as oak, linden, birch, oak, elm and locust, and shrubs and other vegetation are also abundant. 紫貂主要生活在北纬41°以北海拔800-1600米的寒冷的亚北极针叶林和针阔混交林区。 大兴安岭和部分小兴安岭、阿尔泰山属于亚寒带针叶林带。 海拔在1000到2000米之间。 雪林气候。 小兴安岭和长白山属针阔混交林带，海拔约1000-1600米。 由于靠近海洋，气候相对湿润凉爽，植被非常丰富。 有橡树、椴树、桦树、橡树、榆树和槐等树种，灌木等植被也很丰富。

Habitat栖息地

and is active in the depths of the jungle. Nests in stone crevices, tree holes and under tree roots; usually live in a settled camp, but often wander and migrate due to food abundance and climate change, and also often live in simple temporary resting nests. Except for the mating period, it lives alone; its sight and hearing are keen, and its movements are fast. When disturbed, it disappears into the woods in an instant. Active foraging day and night, but mostly at night. When food is in short supply, they also come out to hunt during the day, and their activity range is within 5-10 square kilometers. They mostly catch prey on the ground, and they are also very flexible in climbing trees. When food is scarce in winter, they migrate to the lower mountains and return when the weather warms. The sable's gait on the ground is mainly divided into small steps and running and jumping. The main predators are yellow-throated marten and raptors.
Sable's food is mainly small birds and beasts, and they also eat insects and plant foods such as pine nuts and berries
紫貂善于爬树，敏捷灵巧，活跃于丛林深处。在石缝、树洞和树根下筑巢；平时生活在固定的营地，但由于食物丰富和气候变化，经常流浪和迁徙，也经常住在简单的临时休息巢穴中。除交配期外，单独生活；它的视觉和听觉都很敏锐，而且它的动作也很快。受到惊扰时，它会瞬间消失在树林中。日夜活跃觅食，但大多在夜间。当食物短缺时，它们白天也会出来打猎，它们的活动范围在5-10平方公里之内。它们大多在地上捕捉猎物，爬树也非常灵活。冬天食物匮乏时，它们会迁移到较低的山区，并在天气变暖时返回。紫貂在地上的步态主要分为小步和跑跳。主要捕食者是黄喉貂和猛禽。
紫貂的食物主要是小型鸟类和野兽，也吃昆虫和松子、浆果等植物性食物。

living habits生活习惯

Poland, and the Russian Federation.
China is only found in the Daxing'anling, Xiaoxing'anling, Laoyeling, Zhangguangcailing and Wanda Mountains in Heilongjiang, Changbai Mountain in Jilin, the cold forests and snowy plains in Huanren County in Liaoning, and the Altai Mountains in northern Xinjiang, which are intermittently distributed.
分布于中国、芬兰、日本（北海道）、韩国、朝鲜、蒙古、波兰和俄罗斯联邦。
中国仅见于黑龙江的大兴安岭、小兴安岭、老爷岭、张广才岭、万达山，吉林长白山，辽宁桓仁县的寒林雪原，新疆北部的阿尔泰山等。 间断分布。

Distribution area分布区域

piles.
There is a wiggly estrus phenomenon in spring, and the real estrus mating period is between June and August. The gestation period of female mink is about 229-276 days, and the fertilized eggs have a diapause period, and they can only implant and develop between February and March of the following year. Each sable has 2-4 cubs, but most of them are 1-3 cubs. According to breeding observation, female minks aged 3-6 have the highest calving rate, and female minks aged 7-10 still have the ability to give birth. Males are sexually mature at about 3.5 years old, females are earlier. Lifespan is 16-18 years.大多数黑貂在树洞或石堆上筑巢。春季有扭动发情现象，真正的发情交配期为6-8月。雌性水貂的妊娠期约为229-276天，受精卵有滞育期，只能在次年2-3月间着床发育。每只黑貂有2-4只幼崽，但大多数是1-3只幼崽。据育种观察，3-6岁的雌性水貂产犊率最高，7-10岁的雌性水貂仍有生育能力。雄性在3.5岁左右性成熟，雌性更早。寿命为16-18岁。

Breeding method繁殖方式

Jilin Specialty Products Research Institute of China began to carry out the breeding experiment of caged sables. More than 250 wild sables were introduced for many times. These wild sables mainly came from the Changbai Mountains. Hengdaohezi Wild Animal Breeding Farm in Heilongjiang Province introduced 8 Xiaoxing'anling sables; in 1972, 2 Altai sables from Xinjiang were introduced, and in the 1980s, the hybrid descendants of Altai sable and Changbai Mountain sable were successively obtained. The breeding group of caged sables in Jilin Specialty Products Research Institute has reached more than 500.
Because the fecundity of sable is not too strong, coupled with the long-term large-scale hunting, as well as the pollution caused by large-scale deforestation and spraying of rat poison, its number has dropped sharply. According to the distribution of mink fur purchase records in the early 1970s, the production of sable in Daxing‘anling accounted for about 10% of the total purchase volume; the production of sable in Changbai Mountain accounted for about 30%, and the main producing areas were Fusong, Changbai, Jiaohe, Dunhua, Antu, Helong and other counties and Wuchang City, Heilongjiang Province; Xiaoxing’anling sable production accounts for more than 60% of the total purchase volume, the main production areas are Shangzhi, Fangzheng, Yanshou, Ning‘an, Hailin, Linkou, Yilan and other counties and Yichun City. The output of Xinjiang Altai sable has not been counted. According to the mink acquisition data, if the hunting rate is 25%-30%, the reserves of sable resources in Northeast China will be about 6,000。
The nature reserves in the distribution area of ​​sable in China mainly include the Huzhong, Hanma, Nuomin River, Honghe, Shanhe, Jingbo Lake, Fenglin, Longfeng Lake and Laoxiangdingzi of Jilin Changbai Mountain in Heilongjiang.
动物园里没有多少紫貂是人工养殖的​​。 1957年，中国吉林特产研究所开始进行笼养紫貂的繁育试验。多次引进野生紫貂250余种。这些野生紫貂主要来自长白山。黑龙江省横道河子野生动物养殖场引进小兴安岭紫貂8条； 1972年引进新疆阿尔泰紫貂2株，1980年代先后获得阿尔泰紫貂和长白山紫貂杂交后代。吉林特产研究所笼式紫貂养殖群已达500余只。
由于紫貂的繁殖力不太强，再加上长期的大规模捕猎，以及大规模砍伐森林和喷洒鼠药造成的污染，其数量急剧下降。根据1970年代初貂皮采购记录的分布，大兴安岭的紫貂产量约占总采购量的10%；长白山紫貂产量约占30%，主产区为抚松、长白、交河、敦化、安图、和龙等县和黑龙江省武昌市；小兴安岭紫貂产量占采购总量的60%以上，主要产区为尚志、方正、延寿、宁安、海林、林口、宜兰等县和宜春市。新疆阿尔泰紫貂的产量没有统计。根据水貂采集数据，如果猎杀率为25%-30%，东北地区的貂资源储量约为6000头。
中国紫貂分布区的自然保护区主要有黑龙江吉林长白山的呼中、汉马、诺民河、红河、山河、镜泊湖、枫林、龙凤湖和老香顶子。

Population status种群现状

and vulnerable to poaching, strict law enforcement is particularly important for the protection of sable;
2. Strengthen its habitat protection. Although China does not have a special reserve for the protection of sable, the management of nature reserves with rich sable resources should include a special management plan for sable to ensure the recovery of the sable population;
3. A planned reintroduction project in areas with the original sable distribution and suitable habitat conditions may be considered to facilitate population recovery;
4. Develop sable breeding business, meet the market demand for sable, and help protect wild populations. 1、加强保护，由于貂的价值很高，容易被偷猎，严格执法对紫貂的保护尤为重要；
2.加强栖息地保护。 虽然我国没有专门的紫貂保护保护区，但对于拥有丰富紫貂资源的自然保护区的管理，应包括紫貂专项管理方案，保证紫貂种群的恢复；
3. 可考虑在原有黑貂分布和适宜栖息地条件的地区进行有计划的放归项目，以促进种群恢复；
4、发展紫貂养殖业务，满足市场对紫貂的需求，帮助保护野生种群。

Protection保护

export fur types in China. Among the international fur commodities, mink has the highest price. The world's merchants store mink like gold, so it is also called "soft gold". In ancient China, the emperor's attendants liked to use the tail of the mink to decorate their hats. According to the "Book of Jin, Zhao Wanglun Biography", at that time, due to the excessive appointment of officials and the shortage of sable tails, dog tails were used instead. Therefore, people sarcastically say: "If the mink is insufficient, the dog's tail will continue." The idiom "the dog's tail will continue the mink" comes from this. In the Qing Dynasty, there were strict regulations that only high-ranking officials and nobles could wear mink fur, and a few furs were used to raise the value of a few rulers. In fact, at that time, the government monopolized the production of mink fur, so there was a saying: "The first grade Xuanhu, the second grade mink, and the third grade and fourth grade wear Japanese swords." , second in value to Xuanhu). Sable is a precious and rare fur beast. In China, it is known as one of the Three Treasures of Northeast China (ginseng, mink, deer antler). As early as 1929, the former Soviet Union solved the problem of cage breeding of sable, and realized enterprise breeding and management. It was designated as one of the primary development varieties. The annual output of Russian sable is about 150,000 pieces, and it has a monopoly in the world. Since 1957, China has introduced wild sable domestication in Beijing Fangshan Wildlife Farm, Liaoning Jinzhou Wildlife Farm, Jilin Provincial Institute of Specialty Products and other units. In the future, it will focus on the research and expansion of the institute, and it has become the only provenance base of sable in the country. Since sable has always been a treasure in fur, it is well-known at home and abroad, and is known as the crown of fur. In the international market, the price has been relatively stable, and each skin is priced at 150-300 US dollars. With the increase in worldwide demand, breeding sable will have broad prospects for development.貂皮是一种珍贵的毛皮，是我国传统出口毛皮品种之一。在国际毛皮商品中，貂皮价格最高。世界上的商人把水貂藏得像黄金一样，所以它也被称为“软黄金”。在中国古代，皇帝的侍从喜欢用貂的尾巴来装饰他们的帽子。据《晋书·赵王伦传》记载，当时由于官吏过多，貂尾不足，改用狗尾。因此，人们讥讽地说：“貂皮不足，狗尾巴继续。”成语“狗尾续貂”由此而来。清代有严格的规定，只有高级官员和贵族才能穿貂皮，用少数皮草来提高少数统治者的价值。事实上，当时政府垄断了貂皮的生产，所以有一种说法：“一品玄虎，二品貂，三品四品穿日本刀。” ，价值仅次于玄湖）。紫貂是一种珍贵稀有的毛皮兽。在中国，它被称为东北三宝（人参、貂皮、鹿茸）之一。早在1929年，前苏联就解决了紫貂网箱养殖问题，实现了企业养殖经营。被指定为重点开发品种之一。俄罗斯紫貂年产量约15万只，在世界上具有垄断地位。 1957年以来，中国在北京房山野生动物养殖场、辽宁锦州野生动物养殖场、吉林省特产研究所等单位引进了野生紫貂驯化。未来将重点研究和扩建研究所，成为全国唯一的紫貂种源基地。由于紫貂历来是皮草中的珍品，因此享誉海内外，被誉为皮草之冠。在国际市场上，价格一直比较稳定，每张皮的售价在150-300美元之间。随着世界范围内需求的增加，养殖紫貂将具有广阔的发展前景。

Economic Value经济价值