Measuring and mapping 2017 -part 1

Август 19, 2022

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Measuring and mapping 2017 -part 1

Содержание

2. What do “cultural differences” mean? “Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members
3. Objective Elements of Culture The objective elements of culture involve objective, explicit elements that are physical.
4. Subjective Elements of Culture The subjective elements of culture include all those parts of a culture
6. Elementary forms of social behavior (Fiske, 1990, 1992) Communal Sharing (CS) – sharing by all those
7. How to “measure” culture? Harry C. Triandis Geert Hofstede Ronald F. Inglehart Shalom H. Schwartz
8. Cultural Syndromes (H.Triandis) Cultural complexity Tight versus Loose cultures (T-L) Individualism - Collectivism
9. Cultural Complexity The ecology and history of a society determine its complexity: societies that subsist on
16. Individualism Priority to personal goals, even if they conflict with group goals Collectivism Priority to in-group
17. Individualism - Collectivism Interdependence and oneness Collectivism Horizontal Vertical Serving the group Those two aspects of
18. Antecedents of Individualism (IND) Affluence: financial independece leads to social independence But extreme economic deprivation also
19. Contrasting attributes of people in collectivist and individualistic cultures Groups as basic units of social perception
20. Collectivist vs. Individualst Behavior explained as reflecting norms Success is attributed to help from others Failure
21. Collectivist vs. Individualst Defined in terms of in-groups, relationships Change the self to fit the situation
22. Collectivist vs. Individualst Role-relevant goals are greatly values Of long duration Clearly articulated goals are greatly
23. Collectivist vs. Individualst Tend to be most frequently other-focused (empathy) Tend to be most frequently self-focused
24. Collectivist vs. Individualst Focus on the needs of my in-group (obligations) Cognitions are context dependent Focus
25. Collectivist vs. Individualst Favor belifs that reflect interdependence Favor beliefs that reflect independence, emotional detachment from
26. Collectivist vs. Individualst Security, obedience, duty, in-group harmony, personolized relationships. Concern for «virtuous action» Persistence Pleasure,
27. Collectivist vs. Individualst Few, but relationships to them is close, with much concern for their integrity.
28. Collectivist vs. Individualst Very different when the other person belongs to an in-group vs out-group Most
29. Relations between cultural syndromes
30. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 1. Power Distance (different solutions of the basic problem of human inequality); 2.
31. Ten Differences Between Small- and Large- Power Distance Societies
32. Power Distance Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of
33. Ten Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Societies
34. Individualism The degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members.
35. Ten Differences Between Feminine and Masculine Societies
36. Masculinity A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by
37. Ten Differences Between Weak- and Strong- Uncertainty Avoidance Societies
38. Uncertainty Avoidance The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or
39. Ten Differences Between Short- and Long-Term-Oriented Societies
40. Ten Differences between Indulgent and Restrained Societies
41. Indulgence The extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses. Relatively weak control
42. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
43. Hofstede’s model of values (cont’d) Based on large-scale study (N > 100,000) of ‘HERMES’ employees Country-level
45. Скачать презентацию

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What do “cultural differences” mean?
“Culture is the collective programming of

the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others” (G. Hofstede)
Cultural dimensions are value constructs, which can be used to describe a specific culture.
Values are a “desirable transsituational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or other social entity” (S. Schwartz)

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Objective Elements of Culture
The objective elements of culture involve objective, explicit elements

that are physical.
These would include architecture, clothes, foods, art, eating utensils, and the like. In today’s world, advertising, texts, architecture, art, mass media, television, music, the Internet, Facebook, and Twitter are all physical, tangible, and important artifacts of culture (Lamoreaux & Morling, in press; Morling & Lamoreaux, 2008).
A recent study actually analyzed millions of digitized books—about 4% of all books ever printed—to investigate cultural trends over time (Michel et al., 2011) and demonstrated changes in vocabularies, grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology.

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Subjective Elements of Culture
The subjective elements of culture include all those

parts of a culture that do not survive people as physical artifacts (psychological processes such as attitudes, values, and beliefs, as well as behaviors).

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Elementary forms of social behavior (Fiske, 1990, 1992)
Communal Sharing (CS) –

sharing by all those who belong to the group according to need
Authority ranking (AR) – paying attention to status and divide according to rank
Equality matching (EM) – accent is on equality and equal sharing
Market pricing (MP) – proportionality between you give and receive

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How to “measure” culture?
Harry C. Triandis
Geert Hofstede
Ronald F. Inglehart
Shalom H. Schwartz

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Cultural Syndromes (H.Triandis)
Cultural complexity
Tight versus Loose cultures (T-L)
Individualism - Collectivism

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Cultural Complexity
The ecology and history of a society determine its complexity:
societies

that subsist on hunting, fishing, and food gathering tend to be simple;
agricultural societies tend to be somewhat complex;
industrial societies tend to be more complex;
informational societies are the most complex.
Associated with higher complexity are:
settlement size, level of political integration, population density, complex social stratification; a lot of different occupations; much of expressive realm of culture (art, music, dance, games, religion), value of time etc.

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Individualism
Priority to personal goals, even if they conflict with group goals
Collectivism
Priority

to in-group goals
Self is defined in terms of membership in in-groups which influence social behavior
Collectivists tend to :
Be concerned about the results of their actions on in-group
Share resources with in-group
Feel interdependent
Feel involved in the lives of in-group

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Individualism - Collectivism
Interdependence and oneness
Collectivism
Horizontal
Vertical
Serving the group
Those two aspects of collectivism

are correlated ( .3 -.4)

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Antecedents of Individualism (IND)
Affluence: financial independece leads to social independence
But extreme

economic deprivation also associates with IND
Migrations
Social mobility
Urban residence
The more complex the culture the more IND it is

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Contrasting attributes of people in collectivist and individualistic cultures
Groups as basic

units of social perception
Relationships are the figure; the individual is in the background

Individuals as the basic units of social perceptions
The individual is the figure; relationships are in the background

1. FOCUS ON

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Behavior explained as reflecting norms
Success is attributed to help

from others
Failure is attributed to external factors

Behavior explained by reference to personality, traits, principles, attitudes.
Success is attributed to ability.
Failure is attributed to lack of effort

2. ATTRIBUTIONS

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Defined in terms of in-groups, relationships
Change the self to

fit the situation
Know more about others than about self
Have few self-linked memories
Self includes achievement for the group

Defined as an independent entity
Change the situation to fit the self
Know more about self than about others
Have many self-related memories
Self includes achievement for self-glore

3. SELF

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Role-relevant goals are greatly values
Of long duration
Clearly articulated goals

are greatly values
Of short duration

4. GOALS

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Tend to be most frequently other-focused (empathy)
Tend to

be most frequently self-focused (anger)

5. EMOTIONS

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Focus on the needs of my in-group (obligations)
Cognitions are

context dependent

Focus on my needs, rights, capacity (contracts)
Cognitions are context independent.

6. COGNITIONS

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Favor belifs that reflect interdependence
Favor beliefs that reflect independence,

emotional detachment from in-group

7. ATTITUDES

8. NORMS

Favor embededness in in-group

Favor independence from in-group

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Security, obedience, duty, in-group harmony, personolized relationships.
Concern for «virtuous

action»
Persistence

Pleasure, achievement, competition, freedom, autonomy, fair, exchange.
Concern for «the truth» vs «action consistent with important principles»

9. VALUES

10. MAJOR CALAMITY

Ostracism

Dependence on others

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Few, but relationships to them is close, with much

concern for their integrity.
Large families; rapid population growth
Self-sacrifice for groups is «natural»
In-group perceived as more homogenious than out-group
In-group harmony is required
Conflict with out-group is expected

Many; relationships are casual, little emotional involvement
Small families, static population
Less willingness to self-sacrifice for in-group
In-group perceived as more heterogenious that out-group
Debate, confrontation are accepted
Conflict with out-group is accepted but not desired

11. IN-GROUPS

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Collectivist vs. Individualst
Very different when the other person belongs to an

in-group vs out-group
Most behavior occurs in small groups
Most interaction is between an individual and groups

Only somewhat different when the other person belongs to in- vs out-group
Much behavior occurs when individual is alone or in couples
Most interaction is between an individual and one other individual

12. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

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Relations between cultural syndromes

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Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
1. Power Distance (different solutions of the basic

problem of human inequality);
2. Uncertainty Avoidance (level of stress in a society in the face of an unknown future);
3. Individualism versus Collectivism (integration of individuals into primary groups);
4. Masculinity versus Femininity (division of emotional roles between women and men);
5. Long Term versus Short Term Orientation (focus for people's efforts: the future or the present and past);
6. Indulgence versus Restraint (gratification vs control of basic human desires related to enjoying life).

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Ten Differences Between Small- and Large- Power Distance Societies

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Power Distance
Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less

powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

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Ten Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Societies

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Individualism
The degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members.

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Ten Differences Between Feminine and Masculine Societies

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Masculinity
A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society

will be driven by competition, achievement and success. A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life.
The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).

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Ten Differences Between Weak- and Strong- Uncertainty Avoidance Societies

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Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which the members of a culture feel

threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the Uncertainty Avoidance score

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Ten Differences Between Short- and Long-Term-Oriented Societies

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Ten Differences between Indulgent and Restrained Societies

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Indulgence
The extent to which people try to control their desires and

impulses. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”.

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Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

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Hofstede’s model of values (cont’d)
Based on large-scale study (N > 100,000)

of ‘HERMES’ employees
Country-level analyses (values as characteristics of nations)
Country scores are available on the Internet:
http://spectrum.troy.edu/~vorism/hofstede.htm
(see also http://www.geert-hofstede.com/)

Measuring and mapping 2017 -part 1

Содержание

What do “cultural differences” mean? “Culture is the collective programming of

Objective Elements of CultureThe objective elements of culture involve objective, explicit elements

Subjective Elements of CultureThe subjective elements of culture include all those

Elementary forms of social behavior (Fiske, 1990, 1992)Communal Sharing (CS) –

How to “measure” culture?Harry C. TriandisGeert HofstedeRonald F. InglehartShalom H. Schwartz

Cultural Syndromes (H.Triandis)Cultural complexityTight versus Loose cultures (T-L)Individualism - Collectivism

Cultural ComplexityThe ecology and history of a society determine its complexity:societies

IndividualismPriority to personal goals, even if they conflict with group goalsCollectivismPriority

Individualism - CollectivismInterdependence and onenessCollectivismHorizontalVerticalServing the groupThose two aspects of collectivism

Antecedents of Individualism (IND)Affluence: financial independece leads to social independenceBut extreme

Contrasting attributes of people in collectivist and individualistic culturesGroups as basic

Collectivist vs. IndividualstBehavior explained as reflecting normsSuccess is attributed to help

Collectivist vs. IndividualstDefined in terms of in-groups, relationshipsChange the self to

Collectivist vs. IndividualstRole-relevant goals are greatly valuesOf long durationClearly articulated goals

Collectivist vs. IndividualstTend to be most frequently other-focused (empathy) Tend to

Collectivist vs. IndividualstFocus on the needs of my in-group (obligations)Cognitions are

Collectivist vs. IndividualstFavor belifs that reflect interdependenceFavor beliefs that reflect independence,

Collectivist vs. IndividualstSecurity, obedience, duty, in-group harmony, personolized relationships.Concern for «virtuous

Collectivist vs. IndividualstFew, but relationships to them is close, with much

Collectivist vs. IndividualstVery different when the other person belongs to an