Serial Killers

Содержание

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Types of Multiple Killers Mass Spree Serial # of victims 4+

Types of Multiple Killers
Mass Spree Serial
# of victims 4+ 2+ 2+
#

of events 1 1 2+
# of locations 1 2+ 2+
Cooling-off period no no yes

Note: # of victims for serial killers was revised from 3 to 2 at the 2005 FBI-sponsored symposium on serial murder.

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Radford/FGCU Serial Killer Database Currently has 4,007 serial killers 2,715 from

Radford/FGCU Serial Killer Database

Currently has 4,007 serial killers
2,715 from the U.S.
1,292

from other countries
Information on 11,547 victims (mostly U.S. and Canada)
Began with student serial killer timelines
20 years of data collection
Goals
Accurate information for my forensic psychology class lectures
Provide accurate information to the public
Potentially assist law enforcement using statistical profiling models
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Creating the Database Compiling names of serial killers What is a

Creating the Database

Compiling names of serial killers
What is a serial killer?
2

or more victims (this is a change in definition)
2 separate events
Cooling off period or break between murders
Determine whether person is actually a serial killer or a
Spree killer (FBI no longer distinguishes serial and spree)
Mass killer
None of the above
We eliminated 670 people found on common serial killer lists that are not actually serial killers
Issues
What to do with people who have killed once and clearly would have killed again had they not been caught?
What about a person with one kill and nine attempts?
Suspected v. confessed v. convicted
“Organizational” serial killers
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Organizational Killers Serial – Individual Serial-Two murders Serial-Two events Serial-Three or

Organizational Killers

Serial – Individual
Serial-Two murders
Serial-Two events
Serial-Three or more
Serial – Team
Serial –

Organizational
Serial-Gang
Serial-Drug Enterprise
Serial-Criminal Enterprise
Serial-Cult
Serial-Terror Related
Serial-Government Related
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Creating the Database Gathering Information Sources True-crime books Newspaper articles On-line

Creating the Database

Gathering Information
Sources
True-crime books
Newspaper articles
On-line prison records
Court documents
Ancestry.com
Internet sites
Issues
Accuracy of

information
Availability of information
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Creating the Database Gathering Information Information Obtained (141 variables) Demographics (age,

Creating the Database

Gathering Information
Information Obtained (141 variables)
Demographics (age, sex, race, country,

state, city)
Childhood info
Birth order, raised by, teased, abused
Education and IQ
Vocational and military history
Criminal and forensic record
Information about the crime
Method, victim, location, partner
Information about the trial
NRGI, sentence, confession,
New Section on Victims
Names & dates
Excellent check for data accuracy and will be useful in studying victims rather than killers
Information on 11,547 victims to date
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Classifying the Killers Motive Financial, thrill, power, revenge, anger, convenience Victim

Classifying the Killers

Motive
Financial, thrill, power, revenge, anger, convenience
Victim
Age, sex, race
High risk

vs. low risk
Acquaintance vs. stranger
Location (e.g., home invasion, street, hospital)
Method
Strangle, bludgeon, shoot, stab, suffocate, poison
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Classifying the Killers Kills family Black widow (financial gain) Bluebeard (power)

Classifying the Killers

Kills family
Black widow (financial gain)
Bluebeard (power)
Attention (Munchhausen by proxy)
Kills

patients or other dependents
Angel of death (power)
Lethal caretakers (financial gain)
Baby farmers (financial gain)
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Classifying the Killers Home invasion Rape or no sex Robbery or

Classifying the Killers

Home invasion
Rape or no sex
Robbery or just killing
Age of

victim (elderly, family, adult female)
Type of weapon used
Torture?
Overkill or mutilation?
Staging, posing, totems?
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Problems with Dates Date of Victim Death Date victim actually died

Problems with Dates Date of Victim Death

Date victim actually died
Date of attempted

kill (might be different if the person was in the hospital for several days before death)
Date last seen
Date reported missing
Date body was found
Date reported by killer
Source differences
State death index
Social security index
Prison Inmate Locator information
Court transcripts
Media reports
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Problems with Locations City, County, State Location of abduction Location of

Problems with Locations City, County, State

Location of abduction
Location of killing
Location where body

was dumped
Location where body was found
Burial location
Obituary location
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Serial Killer Frequency Hickey (2010) 352 males and 64 females in

Serial Killer Frequency

Hickey (2010)
352 males and 64 females in U.S. from

1826-2004
158 males and 30 females in U.S. from 1970-2004
Gorby (2000)
300 international serial killers from 1800-1995
Radford University/FGCU Database (9/06/2015)
4,007 serial killers
US: 2,715
International: 1,292
Number of serial killers varies with each update because many names listed as serial killers are not actually serial killers and new serial killers are added

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killers by Country 2,715 United States 142 England 110 South

Serial Killers by Country

2,715 United States
142 England
110 South Africa

94 Italy
90 Japan
82 Canada
75 Germany
74 Australia
69 Russia

63 India
51 France
41 China
24 Mexico
19 Austria
17 Brazil
15 Poland
13 Scotland
12 Spain

Updated 09/06/2015

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Caution Should be Taken When Comparing Countries Countries differ by size

Caution Should be Taken When Comparing Countries

Countries differ by size of

population
India ranks 10th in serial murder but 2nd in population
To get into the database
Person must kill two or more people on separate events
Homicides must be discovered
Homicides must be linked together
Killer must be identified
Homicides and killer name must be publically available
Information must be in English
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Homicide Rates Of 218 countries, the U.S. homicide rate ranks 107,

Homicide Rates

Of 218 countries, the U.S. homicide rate ranks 107, basically

at the 50th percentile
Highest homicide rates are in Central America (4 of the top 6 countries)
Of the 10 highest homicide rates in the past 20 years, El Salvador and Honduras have 9 of them (Columbia is the other)
Next highest rates are in Africa
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Problems with International Comparisons Language issues in finding serial killers in

Problems with International Comparisons

Language issues in finding serial killers in other

countries
Easier to find the “two kill” people in the U.S. than in other countries
Centralization of records
Availability of prison and court records
Media policy about publicizing murders
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U.S. Serial Killers by Decade (Decade of First Kill) 22 34

U.S. Serial Killers by Decade (Decade of First Kill)

22

34

36

40

38

51

173

689

609

331

Updated 9/06/2015

87

531

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Serial killing has declined in the U.S. since the 1980s Updated 09/06/2015

Serial killing has declined in the U.S. since the 1980s

Updated 09/06/2015

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Trends in Murder Rates: United States

Trends in Murder Rates: United States

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International trend is more complex Totals do not include serial killers

International trend is more complex

Totals do not include serial killers operating

in multiple countries

Updated 09/06/2014

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Why the decrease in the U.S.? Technology Insurance fraud is more

Why the decrease in the U.S.?

Technology
Insurance fraud is more difficult
Killing multiple

patients is not likely to go unnoticed
Longer prison sentences keep potential serial killers in prison
Law enforcement efforts
Catch single murder more quickly (e.g., DNA)
Efforts on terrorism reduce the FBI’s ability to link serial murders
Fewer available victims (Aamodt & Surrette, 2013)
Dr. Phil has made the world a better place
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Fewer Targets: We Have Changed our Behavior Hitchhiking Related Hitchhiking Offering

Fewer Targets: We Have Changed our Behavior

Hitchhiking Related
Hitchhiking
Offering rides
Accepting an offer

to “get in”
Disabled Motorists
Offering assistance
Accepting assistance
Free-Range Kid Behavior
Walking to and from school or the store
Riding bicycles
Playing in the park
Fishing and hiking alone
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Serial Killer Victims in the U.S. & Canada Note: Victims represent

Serial Killer Victims in the U.S. & Canada

Note: Victims represent those

from serial killers who were caught and for whom we know the circumstances of their abduction or death

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killer Victims (age 6-17) by selected category Updated 09/06/2015

Serial Killer Victims (age 6-17) by selected category

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killer Victims (all ages) by selected category Updated 09/06/2015

Serial Killer Victims (all ages) by selected category

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killer Victims (all ages) Most Frequent 1950-2015 Note: Total includes

Serial Killer Victims (all ages) Most Frequent 1950-2015

Note: Total includes victim

types not listed on this chart
Victims are U.S. and Canada only

Updated 12/04/2015

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Frequency by Decade

Frequency by Decade

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Serial Killer Age Age at the start of the series Potential

Serial Killer Age

Age at the start of the series
Potential problems
Should we

use age at first kill rather than first kill in series?
1.8% killed prior to the start of the series
Should we use age at first attempted murder?
Many of the older serial killers spent time in prison prior to their series
Simple descriptive statistics
Mean = 27.8 (SD = 9.3)
Median = 26
Youngest = 9 (Robert Dale Segee, final kill was at age 21)
Oldest = 72 (Ray Copeland)
Only 27% actually fall into their mid-to-late 20’s (24 – 29)
Serial killers are getting older at their first kill
Average age was about 24 in the 1950s and 60s
Average age was about 26 in the 1980s and 90s
Average age is about 29 since 2000

Updated 09/06/2015

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General Serial Killer Profile Age at First Kill Updated 09/06/2015

General Serial Killer Profile Age at First Kill

Updated 09/06/2015

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General Serial Killer Profile Demographics – Average age is 27.8 Males

General Serial Killer Profile Demographics – Average age is 27.8

Males
27.5 is average

age at first kill
9 is the youngest (Robert Dale Segee)
72 is the oldest (Ray Copeland)
Jesse Pomeroy (Boston in the 1870s)
Killed 2 people and tortured 8 by the age of 14
Spent 58 years in solitary confinement until he died
Females
31.0 is average age at first kill
11 is youngest (Mary Flora Bell)
66 is oldest (Faye Copeland)

Updated 09/06/2015

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A Problem with Profiling Typical Serial Killer Profile in the Media

A Problem with Profiling

Typical Serial Killer Profile in the Media
A white,

male, in his mid to late twenties
Statistics (U.S. Serial Killers)
Male (92.5%)
White (52.4%)
Mid to late twenties (26.9%)
White, male (46.2%)
White male in his mid to late twenties (12.5%)

Updated 09/06/2015

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The Profile is Becoming Even Less Common

The Profile is Becoming Even Less Common

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Gender Changes Over Time U.S. & International Serial Killers Updated 03/14/2015

Gender Changes Over Time U.S. & International Serial Killers

Updated 03/14/2015

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Race Most media sources suggest that non-White serial killers are rare

Race

Most media sources suggest that non-White serial killers are rare
Justin Cottrell

(2012)
Rise of the Black Serial Killer
Found hundreds of Black serial killers that were not on other lists
Extensive search was useful but might now overestimate the percentage of Black serial killers because a similar extensive search was not used for other races (including Whites)
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General Serial Killer Profile Race Updated 09/06/2015

General Serial Killer Profile Race

Updated 09/06/2015

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Racial Changes Across Time U.S. Serial Killers - All Updated 09/06/2015

Racial Changes Across Time U.S. Serial Killers - All

Updated 09/06/2015

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Racial Changes Across Time U.S. Serial Killers – Individual or Team Updated 09/06/2015

Racial Changes Across Time U.S. Serial Killers – Individual or Team

Updated 09/06/2015

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Does Including Gangs Skew Results? Updated 09/06/2015

Does Including Gangs Skew Results?

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killing is a White Thing 1990-2015 Updated 09/06/2015

Serial Killing is a White Thing 1990-2015

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killer IQ Media/Internet High IQ Our Database (N = 256)

Serial Killer IQ

Media/Internet
High IQ
Our Database (N = 256)
Mean = 94.6
Median =

86.0
Range (54 – 186)
Number of Kills
Two (89.2)
Three (92.7)
Four (94.8)
Five (100.0)
More than five (98.8)

Rape
Yes (99.6)
No (93.4)
Type
Organized (99.2)
Disorganized (92.8)
Method of Killing
Bomb (140.3)
Strangle (96.9)
Stab (92.7)
Gun (90.8)
Bludgeon (78.5)

Updated 09/06/2015

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Are IQ Scores Reliable? You can fake dumb, but you can’t

Are IQ Scores Reliable?

You can fake dumb, but you can’t fake

smart
People scoring lower than 70 cannot be executed (Atkins v. Virginia, 2002)
David Leonard Wood
1977 – Age 19 – 111
1980 – Age 23 – 64
1980 – Age 23 – 101
2011 – Age 54 – 75 (death sentence appeal)
Psychologist thought Wood was faking low
Wood correctly used “big words” in his letters
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Family Comparison Updated 09/06/2015 *O’Hare (2008; Table 2)

Family Comparison

Updated 09/06/2015

*O’Hare (2008; Table 2)

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Birth Order Comparison Updated 09/06/2015

Birth Order Comparison

Updated 09/06/2015

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General Serial Killer Profile Childhood Unstable home Absence of loving and

General Serial Killer Profile Childhood

Unstable home
Absence of loving and nurturing relationship
Physical ailments

and disabilities
Head injuries
Triad
bed wetting
fire starting
animal torture
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Effects of the Family Child Abuse

Effects of the Family Child Abuse

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A Strange Way to Raise a Child Gary Heidnik 3 years

A Strange Way to Raise a Child Gary Heidnik

3 years old
Didn’t clean

room properly
Father hung him by his feet out of a 3rd story window
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A Strange Way to Raise a Child Henry Lee Lucas 3

A Strange Way to Raise a Child Henry Lee Lucas

3 years old
Mother

forced him to watch her have sex with strangers
7 years old
Mother made him go to school dressed like a girl
Mother beat him when his teacher gave him a pair of shoes
10 Years old
Mother’s lover showed him how to kill animals and then have sex with them
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A Strange Way to Raise a Child Danny Rolling 6 months

A Strange Way to Raise a Child Danny Rolling

6 months
Father kicked him

into a wall
1 year old
Father beat him when he crawled funny
6-8 years old
Father beat him twice a week
13 years old
Father handcuffs him to brother, beats them, leaves them outside
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A Strange Way to Raise a Child Robert Garrow 1 year

A Strange Way to Raise a Child Robert Garrow

1 year old
Father made

him kneel for hours in the corner
2 years old
Mother splits his head open with a crowbar during a beating
5 years old
Knocked unconscious when mother hits him in the head with a piece of wood
6 Years old
Beaten unconscious by his father
Made to wear his sister’s bloomers out to play
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General Serial Killer Profile Forensic History Triad Most have a criminal

General Serial Killer Profile Forensic History

Triad
Most have a criminal history
84.7% were previously

arrested
76.8% had spent time in jail or prison
Many received prior psychiatric treatment
12.1% spent time in a forensic unit prior to their series
1.8% killed prior to their serial killing
This is a difficult statistic to accurately compute

Updated 09/06/2015

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Serial Killer Victims (U.S.) Age Mean = 33.5 Median = 28

Serial Killer Victims (U.S.)

Age
Mean = 33.5
Median = 28
Mode = 19
Gender
Female (53.6%)
Male

(46.4%)
Race
White (67.9%)
Black (25.2%)
Hispanic (6.5%)
Asian (1.6%)

Method of Death (%)
Shot (41.8)
Strangled (23.2)
Stabbed (15.2)
Bludgeoned (9.1)
Poisoned (6.3)
Axed (1.7)
Drowned (0.9)
Burned (.6)
Smothered (.6)
Run over (.2)
Drug overdose (.2)
Neglect & abuse (.1)

Updated 09/06/2015

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Victims by State (after controlling for population) Low Victim Rates Minnesota

Victims by State (after controlling for population)

Low Victim Rates
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Arizona
Hawaii

High Victim Rates
DC
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Oregon
Alaska

Updated 09/06/2015

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Categorizing the Serial Killer Killer sex, race, age IQ psychopathology Crime

Categorizing the Serial Killer

Killer
sex, race, age
IQ
psychopathology
Crime Scene
type of weapon
use of torture
attempt

to hide body
location

Motive
sex
power
financial gain
Victim
sex, race, age
occupation
personality

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Type of Victim ____________________________________________________ Spouse, Random Specific Specific Motive Family Strangers

Type of Victim
____________________________________________________
Spouse, Random Specific Specific
Motive Family Strangers

Type Strangers Employees Patients
________ ______ ________ _______ ________ _________ _______
Money Black Contract Cost Lethal
Widow Killer Cutter Caretaker
Sex Disorganized Organized
Lust Lust
Thrill Disorganized Organized
Thrill Thrill
Power Bluebeard Angels of
Death
Revenge Revenge
Psychosis Visionary
Hate Missionary
Attention Munchausen Munchausen
No motive Anti-social
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Broad Motive Updated 09/06/2015

Broad Motive

Updated 09/06/2015

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Types of Serial Killers Visionaries Psychotic - told to kill paranoia,

Types of Serial Killers Visionaries

Psychotic - told to kill
paranoia, schizophrenia
1% of killers

are psychotic (Henn et al., 1976)
Examples
Herbert Mullin
Miguel Rivera
Joseph Kallinger
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Herbert Mullin Crimes Operated during 1972-1973 Killed 13 in Santa Cruz,

Herbert Mullin

Crimes
Operated during 1972-1973
Killed 13 in Santa Cruz, CA
Shot most of

his victims
Vision
Voices told him to shave his head and burn his penis with a cigarette (he obeyed)
Voices told him to kill in order to prevent a catastrophic earthquake
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Joseph Kallinger Crimes Operated during 1974-1975 Murdered 3 in NJ and

Joseph Kallinger

Crimes
Operated during 1974-1975
Murdered 3 in NJ and PA (including one

of his sons)
Robbed and assaulted many others
His 13 year old son was his accomplice
Vision
Told by God (through a large floating head with tentacles) to murder young boys and sever their genitals
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Harvey Carignan Crimes Known as the “Want-ad Killer” Operated in Seattle

Harvey Carignan

Crimes
Known as the “Want-ad Killer”
Operated in Seattle 1973-1974
Killed 3 (probably

many more) by smashing their skull with a hammer
Vision
Told by God to kill women
God didn’t tell him why
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Types of Serial Killers Missionaries Kill to “Clean-up” world Examples Joseph

Types of Serial Killers Missionaries

Kill to “Clean-up” world
Examples
Joseph Franklin
Killed interracial couples and

African Americans
Wounded Vernon Jordan and Larry Flynt (Hustler Magazine)
Wolfgang Abel
Killed drug addicts
Axe Man of New Orleans
Killed 11 (most were Italian grocers)
Carroll Cole
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Carroll Edward Cole Crimes Operated during 1975-1980 Killed at least 13

Carroll Edward Cole

Crimes
Operated during 1975-1980
Killed at least 13 women in several

western states
Mission
Rid the world of loose women
All his victims cheated on their significant-other with Cole
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Types of Serial Killers Hedonists Kill for fun or profit Subtypes

Types of Serial Killers Hedonists

Kill for fun or profit
Subtypes
Lust Killers (kill for

sexual gratification)
Organized
Disorganized
Mixed
Thrill Killers (kill for the thrill of killing)
Gain Killers
Contract Killers
Black Widows
Lethal Caretakers
Cost Cutters
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Examples of Lust Killers Organized Killers Ted Bundy John Gacy Chris

Examples of Lust Killers

Organized Killers
Ted Bundy
John Gacy
Chris Wilder
Kenneth Bianchi
Ed Kemper

Disorganized Killers
Arthur

Shawcross
Richard Chase
Jeffrey Dahmer
Danny Rolling
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Hedonists-Gain Killers Black Widows The Crime Kill husbands, lovers, or relatives

Hedonists-Gain Killers Black Widows

The Crime
Kill husbands, lovers, or relatives for financial gain
Almost

always women
Almost 90% use poison to kill their victims
Examples
Diana Lumbrera (killed her 6 children for insurance)
Nanny Hazel Doss (killed 4 husbands, 2 sisters, 1 mother)
Lydia Trueblood (killed 4 husbands, 1 child, brother in-law)
Amy Gilligan (killed 5 husbands, several patients)
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Hedonists - Gain Killers Cost Cutters Crime Kill to save money

Hedonists - Gain Killers Cost Cutters

Crime
Kill to save money
Examples
Joseph Briggen
Killed 12

ranch hands when their pay was due
Fed the people to his prize-wining pigs
Georg Grossman
Killed over 50 people, put the meat into his hotdogs
Joe Ball
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Joe Ball Operated during the late 1930s Killed at least 5,

Joe Ball

Operated during the late 1930s
Killed at least 5, probably 14,

waitresses at his tavern (The Sociable Inn) in Texas
Threw them into a pit with 5 alligators in the back of the tavern
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Hedonists-Gain Killers Lethal Caretakers - Profit The Crime Kill patients for

Hedonists-Gain Killers Lethal Caretakers - Profit

The Crime
Kill patients for profit
Usually women
Examples
Dorthea Puente

killed 7 elderly to cash social security checks
Antoinette Scieri killed 12 elderly patients so that she could take their assets
Anna Hahn poisoned 5 elderly men she cared for to get their insurance
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Types of Serial Killers Power Seekers Kill to exert power over

Types of Serial Killers Power Seekers

Kill to exert power over strangers
Examples
Ted Bundy
David

Berkowitz
Angelo Buono
Edward Kemper
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Power Seekers Angels of Death The Crime Usually women Kill patients

Power Seekers Angels of Death

The Crime
Usually women
Kill patients for feelings of power

and control
Examples
Genene Jones - As a nurse, she killed between 11and 46 babies by injecting them with a muscle relaxant
Terri Rachals killed 9 patients through injections of potassium chloride
David Harvey is an example of a male angel of death
Gwendolyn Graham and Catherine Wood
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Gwendolyn Graham and Catherine Wood Killed 5 patients in Alpine Manor

Gwendolyn Graham and Catherine Wood

Killed 5 patients in Alpine Manor (a

nursing home)
Initial plan was to spell MURDER with the first letter in the last name of each victim
Graham did all the killing and Wood kept watch
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Power Seekers Blue Beard Killers Males who kill their spouses Examples

Power Seekers Blue Beard Killers

Males who kill their spouses
Examples
Johann Hoch
Henri Landru
Harry Powers
James

Watson
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Henry Landu Romanced more than 300 women out of their money

Henry Landu

Romanced more than 300 women out of their money during

the early 1900s in France
Ran personal ads to meet his women
Married and killed 10 of them
Put their bodies in an oven to dispose of them
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Lethal Caretakers Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy The Crime Kill or hurt

Lethal Caretakers Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

The Crime
Kill or hurt others in

order to be admired for curing them or to get sympathy for the death of a loved one
Mostly females
Examples
Beverly Allitt injected insulin and potassium into 26 children (4 died, 9 had irreparable brain damage) over a 58-day period
Martha Woods - 27 respiratory attacks in 9 children resulted in 7 being killed (3 were her own children)
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Types of Serial Killers Revenge Killers Kill for revenge Examples Martha

Types of Serial Killers Revenge Killers

Kill for revenge
Examples
Martha Wise: Killed 3 family

members opposing her marriage
Ellen Etheridge: Killed 4 of her 8 step-children because she was jealous of their relationship with her husband
Martha Johnson
Had 4 fights with her husband
After each fight, suffocated a child as revenge
Suffocated by laying on top of them (she weighed 250 pounds)
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Types of Serial Killers Antisocial Personalities Definition Pattern of irresponsible or

Types of Serial Killers Antisocial Personalities

Definition
Pattern of irresponsible or harmful behavior
Lack of

conscience
Ignore social rules and laws
Impulsive
Fail to learn from punishment
Examples
Gang Members
Criminals who kill for no reason
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The Crime Scene Serial Killer Type . Crime Characteristic Disorganized Organized

The Crime Scene

Serial Killer Type .
Crime Characteristic Disorganized Organized
Body disfigured hidden
Sex after death before death
unsuccessful successful
Weapons finds

at scene brings
Viciousness torture quick
Sophistication low high, learns
each time
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The Crime Scene Serial Killer Type . Crime Characteristic Disorganized Organized

The Crime Scene

Serial Killer Type .
Crime Characteristic Disorganized Organized
Totem not taken taken
Follows crime

in news no yes
Victim high risk low risk
Gets to crime by walking, bus drives
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Killer Profile Serial Killer Type . Characteristic Disorganized Organized Residence close

Killer Profile

Serial Killer Type .
Characteristic Disorganized Organized
Residence close to crime further
IQ less intelligent intelligent
Employment menial or

normal
unemployed
Appearance unattractive attractive
Self-image feels inferior feels superior
Social loner outgoing
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Killer Profile Serial Killer Type . Characteristic Disorganized Organized Romance lives

Killer Profile

Serial Killer Type .
Characteristic Disorganized Organized
Romance lives alone affairs, short
relationships
Anger keeps inside acts out,

bully,
class clown
Birth order low high
Habits nighttime daytime
Childhood discipline harsh lax or
inconsistent