Theoretical Foundations of Lexicology

Июль 21, 2022

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Theoretical Foundations of Lexicology

Содержание

2. Is English a language of PARADOXES? One in every 7 human beings can speak it More
3. Plan I. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with other linguistic disciplines. II.
4. I. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with other linguistic disciplines.
5. The aim and object of Lexicology Lexicology (Gr. lexis “word” and logos “learning”) is a branch
6. Branches of Lexicology General Lexicology is general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of specific features
7. Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (1) Etymology studies origin of words and historical
8. Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (2) Phraseology studies word-groups with specialized meanings: e.g.
9. Links of Lexicology with other linguistic disciplines Phonetics Grammar Stylistics
10. Connection with Phonetics on the acoustic level words consist of phonemes which distinguish between meanings thus
11. Connection with Grammar The lexical meaning of a word can be conditioned by its grammatical forms:
12. Connection with Stylistics Differentiation of vocabulary according to the functional styles of the language conditions the
13. II. Definition of the word. Motivation of words. Functions of words.
14. The Word as the Principal Object of Lexicology The word is the minimal (after the morpheme)
15. Asymmetrical dualism of a linguistic sign Sound form and meaning of a word are firmly associated
16. Motivation of words (motivation is the relationship between phonemic or morphemic composition of the word and
17. Phonetical motivation 1) based on similarity between the sounds which make up words and the sounds
18. Morphological motivation based on direct connection between the morphological structure of the word and its meaning:
19. Semantic motivation Based on co-existence of direct and figurative meaning: e.g. foot of a page, eye
20. Functions of words (1-3) significative function which consists in expressing a general idea (characteristic of all
21. Functions of words (4-6) deictic function (typical of demonstrative, possessive, reflexive and relative pronouns and of
22. Functions of words (7-9) cumulative function which consists in enriching semantic structure of words; pragmatic function
23. Word and Lexeme The invariant of a word in all its meanings and forms is called
24. Word and Lexeme The word is a unit of speech. The lexeme is a unit of
25. Word and Lexeme The system showing a word in all its word-forms is called a paradigm.
26. III. Vocabulary as a system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Diachronic and synchronic approaches to the study
27. Vocabulary as a system Vocabulary is a system, i.e. a coherent homogeneous whole, constituted by interdependent
28. Relations between linguistic units Paradigmatic relations (in language) are based on interdependence of words in the
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Is English a language of PARADOXES?
One in every 7 human beings

can speak it
More than half of the world’s books
three-quarters of international mail are in English
The largest vocabulary
One of the noblest bodies of literature

There’s no egg in eggplant (баклажан)
There’s neither pine nor apple in pineapple (ананас)
Sweetmeats (конфеты) are candy
Sweetbreads («сладкое мясо», зобная и поджелудочная железы, употребляемые в пищу), which are not sweet, are meat, etc.

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Plan
I. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with

other linguistic disciplines.
II. Definition of the word. Motivation of words. Functions of words.
III. Vocabulary as a system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Diachronic and synchronic approaches to the study of the vocabulary.

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I. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with

other linguistic disciplines.

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The aim and object of Lexicology
Lexicology (Gr. lexis “word” and logos

“learning”) is a branch of Linguistics which studies the vocabulary of a language and characteristic features of lexical units.
Lexical units studied by Lexicology: morphemes, words, word-groups and phraseological units.

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Branches of Lexicology
General Lexicology is general study of words and vocabulary,

irrespective of specific features of any particular language.
Special Lexicology is Lexicology of a particular language.

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Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (1)
Etymology studies

origin of words and historical changes in meanings: e.g. OE harvest “осень” > MnE “урожай”
Semasiology deals with semantic structure of words, development of meanings: e.g. “hand” – about 40 LSV
Word-building studies the process of creating new words, their structural and semantic patterns: e.g. drive (V+ -er)

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Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (2)
Phraseology studies word-groups

with specialized meanings: e.g. butter-fingers (растяпа)
Borrowing deals with the process of adopting and assimilating words from other languages: e.g. sky, skin – Sc.; government, army – Fr.

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Links of Lexicology with other linguistic disciplines
Phonetics
Grammar
Stylistics

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Connection with Phonetics
on the acoustic level words consist of phonemes which

distinguish between meanings thus participating in signification: e.g. `object (a noun) :: ob`ject (a verb),
cop :: cope (different words), `blackbird (a compound noun) :: `black `bird (a word-group).

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Connection with Grammar
The lexical meaning of a word can be conditioned

by its grammatical forms: e.g. glass (стекло), a glass (стакан), glasses (очки);
The lexical meaning of a word may affect its grammatical forms and syntactical functions: e.g.come true, turn red, go wrong;
Grammatical meaning can be expressed by lexical means: e.g. We are going there tomorrow instead of We shall go there.

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Connection with Stylistics
Differentiation of vocabulary according to the functional styles of

the language conditions the connection of Lexicology with Stylistics: e.g. the synonyms father and dad differing in a shade of meaning belong to different functional styles (dad is informal, father is neutral or formal).

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II. Definition of the word. Motivation of words. Functions of words.

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The Word as the Principal Object of Lexicology
The word is the

minimal (after the morpheme) meaningful unit of the language, a two-plane linguistic sign, possessing both form (the plane of expression) and meaning (the plane of content).

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Asymmetrical dualism of a linguistic sign
Sound form and meaning of

a word are firmly associated with each other in the mind of a speaker but each of them has relative independence: sound form tends to develop polysemy and further homonymy (e.g. dull – 1. lacking interest; 2. lacking brightness; 3. slow to understand, etc.), while meaning tends to develop synonymy (e.g. boring; gloomy; stupid, etc.).

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Motivation of words
(motivation is the relationship between phonemic or morphemic composition

of the word and its meaning)
phonetical (e.g. hiss, buzz, cuckoo)
morphological (e.g. thinker, self-propelling, endless)
semantic (e.g. hand of a clock, mouth of a river)

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Phonetical motivation
1) based on similarity between the sounds which make up

words and the sounds these words denote: e.g. boom, splash, whistle
2) based on association between some sound-clusters and a certain meaning (phonetical symbolism): e.g. [fl] (“quick movement”) – flap, flash, flutter; [sl] (“mud”) – sleet, slush
But: flat, floor, slim (non-motivated)

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Morphological motivation
based on direct connection between the morphological structure of the

word and its meaning: e.g. poetess, overestimate, regain, blackberry
But: repeat, matter, cranberry (non-motivated)

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Semantic motivation
Based on co-existence of direct and figurative meaning: e.g. foot

of a page, eye of a needle, head of an army (metaphoric transfer); astrakhan, china, tweed (metonymic transfer)

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Functions of words (1-3)
significative function which consists in expressing a general

idea (characteristic of all signs);
nominative function (typical of notional words);
representative function (peculiar to proper names);

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Functions of words (4-6)
deictic function (typical of demonstrative, possessive, reflexive and

relative pronouns and of adverbs);
expressive function which consists in rendering emotions or attitude (peculiar to interjections oh, wow, ouch, Why! etc. and other emotionally coloured words, such as kid, dear, honey, puppy, etc.);
interpretative function (characteristic of linguistic units with transferred meaning);

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Functions of words (7-9)
cumulative function which consists in enriching semantic structure

of words;
pragmatic function which consists in acquiring connotations according to the sphere of communication;
structural function which consists in serving as a basic structural material of a language

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Word and Lexeme
The invariant of a word in all its meanings

and forms is called lexeme.
The child wanted to play with other children (8 words, 7 lexemes)

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Word and Lexeme
The word is a unit of speech.
The lexeme

is a unit of the lexical system of the language.

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Word and Lexeme
The system showing a word in all its word-forms

is called a paradigm. The lexical meaning of a word is the same through its paradigm, while the grammatical meaning is different: e.g. take – took – takes – taking.

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III. Vocabulary as a system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Diachronic and

synchronic approaches to the study of the vocabulary.

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Vocabulary as a system
Vocabulary is a system, i.e. a coherent homogeneous

whole, constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways.

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Relations between linguistic units
Paradigmatic relations (in language) are based on

interdependence of words in the vocabulary system: e.g. to run, to jog, to rush, to race (synonymic group); to accept – to reject (antonyms).

Syntagmatic relations (in speech) are linear relations based on the influence of context: e.g. illegal / irregular, to tell smb. / to say smth.

Theoretical Foundations of Lexicology

Содержание

Is English a language of PARADOXES?One in every 7 human beings

PlanI. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with

I. The aim and object of Lexicology. Its branches, links with

The aim and object of LexicologyLexicology (Gr. lexis “word” and logos

Branches of LexicologyGeneral Lexicology is general study of words and vocabulary,

Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (1) Etymology studies

Branches of Lexicology studying different aspects of words (2)Phraseology studies word-groups

Links of Lexicology with other linguistic disciplinesPhoneticsGrammarStylistics

Connection with Phoneticson the acoustic level words consist of phonemes which

Connection with GrammarThe lexical meaning of a word can be conditioned

Connection with StylisticsDifferentiation of vocabulary according to the functional styles of

II. Definition of the word. Motivation of words. Functions of words.

The Word as the Principal Object of LexicologyThe word is the

Asymmetrical dualism of a linguistic sign Sound form and meaning of

Motivation of words(motivation is the relationship between phonemic or morphemic composition

Phonetical motivation1) based on similarity between the sounds which make up

Morphological motivationbased on direct connection between the morphological structure of the

Semantic motivationBased on co-existence of direct and figurative meaning: e.g. foot

Functions of words (1-3)significative function which consists in expressing a general

Functions of words (4-6)deictic function (typical of demonstrative, possessive, reflexive and

Functions of words (7-9)cumulative function which consists in enriching semantic structure

Word and LexemeThe invariant of a word in all its meanings

Word and LexemeThe word is a unit of speech. The lexeme

Word and LexemeThe system showing a word in all its word-forms