Computer systems

Сентябрь 15, 2022

Содержание

2. Review Define volatile and none-volatile State what components connect to the North and South Bridge Define
3. Objectives Understand static electricity List reasons why we take precautions from static electricity State precautions we
4. The movement and contact of the human body can accumulate energy in the form of electrostatic
5. “Electro static discharge (ESD) is the transfer of an electrostatic charge between two objects. This is
6. Tribo-electrification Static electricity must build up a charge greater than 1000 V before we may notice
7. ESD is more likely to exist in work places which are humid, the use of a
8. ESD Symbols Fig 1 ESD Susceptibility Fig 2 ESD Protective Indicates that the device is susceptible
9. ESD protective devices A range of ESD protective devices are available to protect the computer from
10. Working inside a computer When working on the internals of a computer you must… Always connect
11. Good uses of ESD ESD is used to apply toner to paper in photocopy machines and
12. Electrostatic discharge can cause damage to integrated circuits such as the CMOS and other memory chips.
13. Static Electricity Video Testing for Static Electricity Electrostatic Charge at a Petrol Station Pauls guide to
14. Follow the safety rules Be prepared: have the right tools at hand Obey the dress code:
15. This highly magnified picture shows the damage that can be done to an IC by Electrostatic
16. Anti-static Wrist Strap Wrist straps safely remove static charge from individuals who handle static sensitive devices
17. How do you know if its working? Anti-static wrist straps can fail to perform their intended
18. Testing your wrist band Firstly check your multi-meter is working correctly by setting the 2M-ohms. Have
19. Motherboards The Main Printed Circuit Board Inside The PC That Contains and Controls The Components That
20. Motherboard is… Multi-layered printed circuit board Copper circuit paths called traces carry signals and voltages across
21. Think of a Motherboard as: Futuristic City with many modular plug-in buildings, using power from a
22. Motherboard MD Definition Research Activity MD Component identification and function How to install a motherboard
23. Basic Motherboard Chipset and Functions Different chips integrated to a single chip called the chipset. The
24. Motherboard Determines: CPU type and speed Chipset Types & number of connection slots Type of memory
25. Form Factors Form factor means the size and shape of the actual motherboard 3 most common
26. What other features do modern Motherboards include? In groups spend ten minutes look at recent motherboard
27. Motherboard (Standard ATX Form Factor) 12" × 9.6“ (Imperial) 30.5Cm 24.4 cm
28. A. Processor (Intel & AMD)
29. B. North Bridge "North Bridge: The Intel term for the main portion of the motherboard chipset
30. I. South Bridge "South Bridge: The Intel term for the lower-speed component in the chipset that
31. C. USB Ports
32. D. PCI Slots (32 Bit)
33. E. System BIOS (ROM) & CMOS
34. F. Memory (RAM)
35. G. Parallel Port (25 pin female D-plug)
36. H. CMOS Battery
37. J. Power Connector (24 Pin Molex) P1
38. K. IDE Connections (4 channels, 2 per slot)
39. L. ISA Slot (Legacy)
40. M. Serial Ports
41. N. Floppy Drive Connector
42. O. PS/2 Connections for mouse/keyboard
43. P. AGP Slot (32 bit)
44. P. AMR Slot
45. P. Audio inputs/outputs Mic Headphone Line out
46. P. VGA (15 Pin D-Plug Female)
47. P. Case Pins (PWR, HDD LED, etc…)
48. P. Newer Motherboards can also include SATA (inc E-SATA)
49. P. Newer Motherboards can also include Passive Cooling
50. P. Newer Motherboards can also include Water cooled systems
51. P. Newer Motherboards can also include DDR3 (green slots)
52. Video Summary Form Factors Installing and configuring motherboards
53. Specialised Cards – Graphics Card What is it? A video card is a hardware component whose
54. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) A GPU is a dedicated graphics processor optimized for floating point calculations
55. Video BIOS This contains the basic program that governs the video card’s operations and provides the
56. Video Memory While a Video Card will have its own video memory called video RAM The
57. Outputs There are the connection systems which connects the displays with the video card Some different
58. Motherboard Interface It is the connection system which connects the graphics card to the motherboard Although
59. Cooling Device Video cards may use a lot of electricity which is converted into heat If
60. Power Demand Fast Video Cards consume a great deal of power Power demands of GPU are
61. Advantages of Graphics Cards Anti-Aliasing: This is a technique used to counter distortion caused by aliasing
62. Without Graphics Card Distorted Edges.. No anti-Aliasing No reflection detail (No Fresnel Effect) Poor level of
63. With Graphics Card Smooth Motion Blur & Depth of field Better level of detail Car Reflection
64. Objectives Plenary Understand static electricity List reasons why we take precautions from static electricity State precautions
66. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Review
Define volatile and none-volatile
State what components connect to the North and

South Bridge
Define what the PSU does?
What is the name of the PSU socket that connects to a Hard disk or Optical drive?
What is the PGA?

Слайд 3

Objectives
Understand static electricity
List reasons why we take precautions from static electricity

State precautions we can use against static electricity
Test anti-static devices
Define the Motherboards role within a PC
State the role of a Graphics Card

Слайд 4

The movement and contact of the human body can accumulate energy

in the form of electrostatic charge
When an electric contact is established, electrostatic discharge (ESD) takes place in the form of a very brief flow of current
Although the discharge current is very small, the voltage could be in the region of few thousand volts
The human body can feel an ESD event if the voltage is more than 3000 volts

Electrostatic Charge

Слайд 5

“Electro static discharge (ESD) is the transfer of an electrostatic charge

between two objects. This is a very rapid event that happens when two objects of different potentials come into direct contact with each other. One of the main causes of device failures in the semiconductor industry is ESD”
NEW VIDEO RESOURCE (BETTER)
Static Electricity: Snap, Crackle, Jump
VG

Слайд 6

Tribo-electrification
Static electricity must build up a charge greater than 1000 V

before we may notice it
Static Electricity is harmless to humans
We can withstand up to and including 10,000 V
Most CPUs, motherboards and associated circuitry normally operates at +/- 5 V
An electrical discharge of 10,000 V will blow almost all computer components

Слайд 7

ESD is more likely to exist in work places which are

humid, the use of a humidifier can greatly reduce ESD buildup
Electrical resistance is measured in Ohms

Electrostatic Charge

Слайд 8

ESD Symbols
Fig 1 ESD Susceptibility
Fig 2 ESD Protective
Indicates that the device

is susceptible to ESD

Identifies items that provide ESD protection

Слайд 9

ESD protective devices
A range of ESD protective devices are available to

protect the computer from you including
Wrist Strap
Elasticised wristband with a metal pad which fits next to the skin
The cable runs to a ground connector which connects to a earth
Anti-Static Mat
Large rubber mat, runs to a ground connector which connects to earth
Usually you can connect your wrist band onto the mat
Anti-Static Bag
Used to transport and protect computer components
Newly purchased components are usually supplied in these bags
Any components not in the chassis of the computer must be kept in one of these bags

Слайд 10

Working inside a computer
When working on the internals of a computer

you must…
Always connect yourself to an electrostatic wristband and ensure you are earthed
You should also do this when handling components outside of the computer and that are not even connected
Keep any ‘spare’ components that are not being used in electrostatic bags
Never wear a grounding strap when operating a monitor
The capacitors hold a huge charge, wearing the strap offers a shortcut – straight through you to the ground!

Слайд 11

Good uses of ESD
ESD is used to apply toner to paper

in photocopy machines and laser printers
ESD is used to clean up the air, removing pollen and dust to create a healthier environment
ESD is used to remove unwanted chemicals from output from Power Stations

Слайд 12

Electrostatic discharge can cause damage to integrated circuits such as

the CMOS and other memory chips.
The damage caused by ESD may be instant failure.
It is more likely to weaken the chip thus its lifespan, causing intermittent faults

Electro-Static Damage

Слайд 13

Static Electricity Video
Testing for Static Electricity
Electrostatic Charge at a Petrol Station
Pauls

guide to ESD

Слайд 14

Follow the safety rules
Be prepared: have the right tools at

hand
Obey the dress code: nothing dangling that will trap you
Wear your ESD wrist band
Before starting, turn off the PC and disconnect the AC power chord
Read the manual: do not do things from memory
Ground yourself by touching the chassis to discharge any static electricity that has accumulated in your body
Handle all parts gently, hold components by their edges
Remember that some components might be too hot to touch safely
Take your time and think carefully before acting

Слайд 15

This highly magnified picture shows the damage that can be done

to an IC by Electrostatic Discharge

Слайд 16

Anti-static Wrist Strap
Wrist straps safely remove static charge from individuals who

handle static sensitive devices
A coiled cord and clip is provided to allow connection to ground. The ground cord has a built-in 1MΩ resistor for user safety.

Слайд 17

How do you know if its working?
Anti-static wrist straps can fail

to perform their intended function.
Ground cords get stressed from prolonged use and can break open inside the insulation.
You can't see if your anti-static wrist strap is performing properly
They should be tested regularly.
Electronics professionals should test their wrist straps for proper function at least once per day

Слайд 18

Testing your wrist band
Firstly check your multi-meter is working correctly by

setting the 2M-ohms. Have both probes make contact with each other and record the reading.
Now remove the wristband from your antistatic band and holding one probe at each end test it
Does it give expected results, if not, why not?
Why is it important to carryout periodic testing of anti-static protection devices?
Don't worry it's only ESD
What not to do

Слайд 19

Motherboards
The Main Printed Circuit Board Inside The PC That Contains and

Controls The Components That Are Responsible For Processing Data.

Слайд 20

Motherboard is…
Multi-layered printed circuit board
Copper circuit paths called traces carry signals

and voltages across the motherboard
Some layers carry data for input/output while other layers carry voltage and ground returns

Слайд 21

Think of a Motherboard as:
Futuristic City with many modular plug-in buildings,

using power from a common electrical system
Multiple-lane highways of various widths transporting data between buildings
Data and power infrastructure for the entire computer

Слайд 22

Motherboard
MD Definition Research Activity
MD Component identification and function
How to install a

motherboard

Слайд 23

Basic Motherboard
Chipset and Functions
Different chips integrated to a single chip called

the chipset.
The North bridge controls faster I/P components likes Graphics and Memory (RAM)
The south bridge controls the slower I/O components like the Serial ports, USB ports and the IDE.

Слайд 24

Motherboard Determines:
CPU type and speed
Chipset
Types & number of connection slots
Type of

memory
Number of memory sockets and maximum memory

Type of case
ROM
Plug & Play compatibility
Type of keyboard

Слайд 25

Form Factors
Form factor means the size and shape of the actual

motherboard
3 most common Form Factor classifications:
Baby AT
ATX
Slimline NLX

Слайд 26

What other features do modern Motherboards include?
In groups spend ten minutes

look at recent motherboard releases
Consider what additional functionality they might include
List a minimum of three components you could share with the class

Слайд 27

Motherboard (Standard ATX Form Factor)
12" × 9.6“ (Imperial)
30.5Cm
24.4 cm

Слайд 28

A. Processor (Intel & AMD)

Слайд 29

B. North Bridge
"North Bridge: The Intel term for the main portion

of the motherboard chipset that incorporates the interface between the processor and the rest of the motherboard.

Слайд 30

I. South Bridge
"South Bridge: The Intel term for the lower-speed component

in the chipset that has always been a single individual chip.

Слайд 31

C. USB Ports

Слайд 32

D. PCI Slots (32 Bit)

Слайд 33

E. System BIOS (ROM) & CMOS

Слайд 34

F. Memory (RAM)

Слайд 35

G. Parallel Port (25 pin female D-plug)

Слайд 36

H. CMOS Battery

Слайд 37

J. Power Connector (24 Pin Molex) P1

Слайд 38

K. IDE Connections (4 channels, 2 per slot)

Слайд 39

L. ISA Slot (Legacy)

Слайд 40

M. Serial Ports

Слайд 41

N. Floppy Drive Connector

Слайд 42

O. PS/2 Connections for mouse/keyboard

Слайд 43

P. AGP Slot (32 bit)

Слайд 44

P. AMR Slot

Слайд 45

P. Audio inputs/outputs
Mic
Headphone
Line out

Слайд 46

P. VGA (15 Pin D-Plug Female)

Слайд 47

P. Case Pins (PWR, HDD LED, etc…)

Слайд 48

P. Newer Motherboards can also include
SATA (inc E-SATA)

Слайд 49

P. Newer Motherboards can also include
Passive Cooling

Слайд 50

P. Newer Motherboards can also include
Water cooled systems

Слайд 51

P. Newer Motherboards can also include
DDR3 (green slots)

Слайд 52

Video Summary
Form Factors
Installing and configuring motherboards

Слайд 53

Specialised Cards – Graphics Card
What is it?
A video card is a

hardware component whose function is to generate and output images to a display
A graphics Card includes multiple sub-components
Graphics Processing unit (GPU)
Video BIOS
Video Memory
RAMDAC
Outputs
Motherboard Interface
Cooling Devices
Power Demand

Слайд 54

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
A GPU is a dedicated graphics processor optimized

for floating point calculations which are fundamental to 3D graphics rendering
The main attributes of the GPU
Are the core clock rate (typically ranging from 250MHz to 850MHz)
The number of pipelines (Vertex or Fragment shaders) used to translate a 3D image into a 2D image formed by pixels

Слайд 55

Video BIOS
This contains the basic program that governs the video card’s

operations and provides the instrusions that allow the computer and software to interface with the card
It contains information on the memory timing, operating speeds and voltages of the graphics processor and RAM and other information
It is sometimes possible to change the BIOS for higher performance although is this is typically only done by card over-clockers as it has the potential of damage to the card

Слайд 56

Video Memory
While a Video Card will have its own video memory

called video RAM
The memory capacity of most modern video cards range from 128MB to 2GB
Since video memory needs to be accessed by the GPU it uses high speed memory
DDR, DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4 & GDDR5
The memory clock rate in modern cards are generally between 400MHz and 2.4GHz

Слайд 57

Outputs
There are the connection systems which connects the displays with the

video card
Some different connection systems are as follows
Analogue-based standard adopted in the late 1980s designed for CRT displays, also called VGA connector
Digital-based standard for displays such as flat-panel displays and video projectors, these digital based DVI connectors are used for HDTV
HDMI is an advanced digital audio/video interconnector released in 2003 and is commonly used to connect Gaming Consoles and DVD players to a display
Display connectors

Слайд 58

Motherboard Interface
It is the connection system which connects the graphics card

to the motherboard
Although there are many different connection systems the main two in use today are AGP and PCI-Express

The graphics card's hardware directly affects its speed. These are the hardware specifications that most affect the card's speed and the units in which they are measured:
GPU clock speed (MHz)
Size of the memory bus (bits)
Amount of available memory (MB)
Memory clock rate (MHz)
Memory bandwidth (GB/s)
RAMDAC speed (MHz)

Слайд 59

Cooling Device
Video cards may use a lot of electricity which is

converted into heat
If the heat isn’t dissipated, the video card could overheat and get damaged
Cooling devices are incorporated to transfer the heat elsewhere

Слайд 60

Power Demand
Fast Video Cards consume a great deal of power
Power demands

of GPU are mainly greater than that of CPUs, meaning that the video card may be the biggest power consumer in the system
Most connection systems that can be used to connect a graphics card supply no more than 75watts to power a graphics card
For recent graphics cards that require more than this level of power can connect to a direct PSU power source
8 pin (150W) power source

Слайд 61

Advantages of Graphics Cards
Anti-Aliasing: This is a technique used to counter

distortion caused by aliasing effects
Motion Blur: Effect used to blur objects moving in fast motion
Texture Mapping: Allows the addition of detail on surfaces, without adding complexity
Depth of Field: Technique that blurs out of focus objects
Lens Flare: Imitation of light sources
Fresnel Effect: Reflections over an object, depending on the angle of vision, the greater the angle of vision the greater the reflection

Слайд 62

Without Graphics Card
Distorted Edges.. No anti-Aliasing
No reflection detail (No Fresnel Effect)
Poor

level of detail

Poor Motion Blur & Depth of Field

Слайд 63

With Graphics Card
Smooth Motion Blur & Depth of field
Better level of

detail

Car Reflection Detail turned on. Fresnel Effect

Edge smoothened by Anti Aliasing

Слайд 64

Objectives Plenary
Understand static electricity
List reasons why we take precautions from

static electricity
State precautions we can use against static electricity
Test anti-static devices
Define the Motherboards role within a PC
State the role of a Graphics Card

Computer systems

Содержание

ReviewDefine volatile and none-volatileState what components connect to the North and

ObjectivesUnderstand static electricityList reasons why we take precautions from static electricity

The movement and contact of the human body can accumulate energy

“Electro static discharge (ESD) is the transfer of an electrostatic charge

Tribo-electrificationStatic electricity must build up a charge greater than 1000 V

ESD is more likely to exist in work places which are

ESD SymbolsFig 1 ESD SusceptibilityFig 2 ESD ProtectiveIndicates that the device

ESD protective devicesA range of ESD protective devices are available to

Working inside a computerWhen working on the internals of a computer

Good uses of ESDESD is used to apply toner to paper

Electrostatic discharge can cause damage to integrated circuits such as

Static Electricity VideoTesting for Static ElectricityElectrostatic Charge at a Petrol StationPauls

Follow the safety rules Be prepared: have the right tools at

This highly magnified picture shows the damage that can be done

Anti-static Wrist StrapWrist straps safely remove static charge from individuals who

How do you know if its working?Anti-static wrist straps can fail

Testing your wrist bandFirstly check your multi-meter is working correctly by

MotherboardsThe Main Printed Circuit Board Inside The PC That Contains and

Motherboard is…Multi-layered printed circuit boardCopper circuit paths called traces carry signals

Think of a Motherboard as:Futuristic City with many modular plug-in buildings,

MotherboardMD Definition Research ActivityMD Component identification and functionHow to install a

Basic MotherboardChipset and FunctionsDifferent chips integrated to a single chip called

Motherboard Determines:CPU type and speedChipsetTypes & number of connection slotsType of

Form FactorsForm factor means the size and shape of the actual

What other features do modern Motherboards include?In groups spend ten minutes

Motherboard (Standard ATX Form Factor)12" × 9.6“ (Imperial) 30.5Cm24.4 cm