Содержание
- 2. Approaches to Management
- 3. Approaches to Management :1 The schools approach (actually four approaches) views management from four distinct perspectives.
- 4. Approaches to Management:2 The systems approach stresses that managers should view an organization as a set
- 5. Schools approach:1 Four distinct schools of management thought evolved during the first half of last century.
- 6. Schools approach:2 The strongest adherents of each at one time believed that they had found the
- 7. The process approach This major conceptual breakthrough is widely accepted today. The process approach was first
- 8. The process approach Management is considered a process because the work of attaining objectives through others
- 9. Planning The planning function involves deciding what the organization's objectives should be and what its members
- 10. Organizing Organizing is the creation of structure. There are many elements that must be structured for
- 11. Motivating The manager must always keep in mind that the best-formulated plans and finest organizational structures
- 12. Controlling Almost everything the manager does involves an event in the future. Controlling is the process
- 13. The Linking Processes The four management functions of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling have two elements
- 14. The system approach The application of systems theory to management has made it easier for managers
- 15. The system approach: Open and Closed Systems There are two major types of systems, closed and
- 16. The system approach: Open and Closed Systems An open system is characterized by interaction with the
- 17. The system approach: Open and Closed Systems Managers are concerned primarily with open systems because all
- 18. The system approach: Open and Closed Systems
- 19. The contingency approach The contingency approach tries to match specific techniques or concepts of managing to
- 20. The contingency approach 1. The manager must become familiar with the tools of the management profession
- 21. The contingency approach 2. Every management concept and technique has both advantages and disadvantages, or trade-offs,
- 22. The contingency approach 3. The manager needs to be able to interpret the situation properly. It
- 23. SUMMARY 1. The practice of management is as old as organizations, but management did not become
- 24. SUMMARY 2. Scientific management focused on redesigning tasks to improve efficiency at the nonmanagerial level. The
- 25. SUMMARY 3. The management science school uses quantitative techniques such as models and operations research to
- 26. SUMMARY 4. The concept of a management process applicable to all organizations originated with the classical
- 27. SUMMARY 5. The systems approach views the organization as an open system consisting of several interrelated
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