THE USA in the 20th CENTURY

Август 27, 2022

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THE USA in the 20th CENTURY

Содержание

2. The USA in the 20th Century 1. America in World War One 2. America after WWI
3. 1. America in WWI 1.1. American Entry into WWI The U.S. government, under Woodrow Wilson`s control,
4. 1.2. Elites 3 groups of national elites: 1. Anti-war (“pacifists”): wanted to keep America out of
5. 1.3. Business considerations The beginning of World War I in Europe coincided with the end of
6. 1.4. Preparedness Movement 1915 – in Eastern cities a new "Preparedness" movement (PM) emerged; The driving
7. 1.5. Democrats respond The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat; Neither the Army
8. 1.6. Declaration of War In January 1917 Germany decided to resume submarine warfare on all commercial
9. President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917
10. 1.7. Home front The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the
11. Food and Fuel Control Act (August 10, 1917) Food Administration and the Federal Fuel Administration were
12. Food Administration poster 1917
13. Women
14. Children Girls too young for paid jobs learned how they could help the war effort. The
15. Propaganda Committee on Public Information (pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings); Other forms of propaganda:
16. Naval recruitment poster (1917)
17. Navy recruiting poster by Howard Chandler Christy
18. J. M. Flagg's 1917 poster was used to recruit soldiers for both World War I and
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The USA in the 20th Century
1. America in World War One

2. America after WWI
3. America in World War II
4. America after WWII

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1. America in WWI 1.1. American Entry into WWI

The U.S. government,

under Woodrow Wilson`s control, called for NEUTRALITY “in thought and deed”;
May 7, 1915, a German submarine sunk the British liner Lusitania, killing 1198 people(128-Americans);
Wilson: "America is too proud to fight," demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships;
Wilson made all the key decisions and kept the economy on a peacetime basis, while allowing large-scale loans to Britain and France.

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1.2. Elites
3 groups of national elites:
1. Anti-war (“pacifists”): wanted to keep

America out of war (Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan(a Democrat), Republican Senator Robert M. La Follette, industrialist Henry Ford);
2. “Liberal internationalists”: supported armed force to create a collective security system ( President Woodrow Wilson, former president William Howard);
3. “Atlanticists”: sought a security relationship with Britain (former president Theodore Roosevelt, Republican Senators Elihu Root & Henry Cabot Lodge)

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1.3. Business considerations
The beginning of World War I in Europe coincided

with the end of the Recession of 1913-1914 in America.
Exports to belligerent nations: $824.8 million (1913) → $2.25 billion(1917).
Bethlehem Steel → the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country.

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1.4. Preparedness Movement
1915 – in Eastern cities a new "Preparedness" movement

(PM) emerged;
The driving forces behind Preparedness – Republicans (General Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt);
The PM argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes;
The PM`s "realistic" philosophy of world affairs: economic strength and military muscle are more decisive than idealistic campaigns for democracy and national self-determination.

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1.5. Democrats respond
The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a

threat;
Neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war;
Wilson embraced a building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the Royal Navy by the mid-1920s;
The weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917.

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1.6. Declaration of War
In January 1917 Germany decided to resume submarine

warfare on all commercial ships headed toward Britain, realizing it would mean war with the U.S.
The Zimmermann Telegram（16 January 1917） – diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States.
Congress voted to declare war on April 6, 1917.

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President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations

with Germany on 3 February 1917

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1.7. Home front
The home front saw a systematic mobilization of

the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war.

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Food and Fuel Control Act (August 10, 1917)
Food Administration and the Federal

Fuel Administration were created;
There were voluntary "meatless Tuesdays" and "sweetless Saturdays. Both Mondays and Wednesdays were "wheatless".
There were "gasless Sundays," "heatless Mondays," and "lightless nights."

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Food Administration poster 1917

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Women

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Children
Girls too young for paid jobs learned how they could help

the war effort.

The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war.

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Propaganda
Committee on Public Information (pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings);
Other

forms of propaganda: newsreels, photos, large-print posters, magazine and newspaper articles, and billboards;
Film industry produced a wide variety of propaganda films.

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Naval recruitment poster (1917)

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Navy recruiting poster by Howard Chandler Christy

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J. M. Flagg's 1917 poster was used to recruit soldiers for

both World War I and World War II.

A 1914 recruitment poster depicting Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, was the most famous image used in the British Army recruitment campaign of World War I.