Говорение в ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Типичные ошибки, советы и рекомендации

языку включает в себя 4 задания.
Задание 1 – чтение вслух небольшого текста научно-популярного характера.
Время на подготовку – 1,5 минуты.
В задании 2 предлагается ознакомиться с рекламным объявлением и задать пять вопросов на основе ключевых слов. Время на подготовку – 1,5 минуты.
В задании 3 предлагается выбрать одну из трёх фотографий и описать её на основе плана.
Время на подготовку – 1,5 минуты.
В задании 4 ставится задача сравнить две фотографии на основе предложенного плана.
Время на подготовку – 1,5 минуты.
Общее время ответа одного экзаменуемого (включая время на подготовку) – 15 минут.
Каждое последующее задание выдаётся после окончания выполнения предыдущего задания. Всё время ответа ведётся аудио- и видеозапись. Постарайтесь полностью выполнить поставленные задачи, старайтесь говорить ясно и чётко, не отходить от темы и следовать предложенному плану ответа. Так Вы сможете набрать наибольшее количество баллов.

максимум 1 балл
1 балл
Речь воспринимается легко: необоснованные паузы отсутствуют; фразовое ударение и интонационные контуры, произношение слов без нарушений нормы: допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе одна-две ошибки, искажающие смысл
0 баллов
Речь воспринимается с трудом из-за большого количества неестественных пауз, запинок, неверной расстановки ударений и ошибок в произношении слов, ИЛИ сделано более пяти фонетических ошибок, ИЛИ сделано три и более фонетические ошибки, искажающие смысл

your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. Read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You don’t see many birds in winter. Most have left your area. Those that stay are not as active. Activity uses energy that is needed to keep warm.
The worst problems for birds in winter are getting enough heat and holding on to the heat once it is made. These are problems for all birds. But it is especially true for very small ones. They cannot find enough food. The weather stays so cold for so long that they cannot eat enough to keep alive. But birds have many ways of fighting the cold.
You shiver to keep warm. The heat that you make is made mostly in your muscles. The muscles make more heat when they are active. So one way of keeping warm is to move about, use your muscles. Another way is to shiver. When your body needs heat, the muscles tighten and loosen quickly. They become active. Just as you shiver to keep warm, so do birds.

have left your area.|| Those that stay| are not as active.|| Activity uses energy| that is needed to keep warm.||
The worst problems for birds in winter| are getting enough heat| and holding on to the heat once| it is made.|| These are problems for all birds.|| But it is especially true for very small ones.|| They cannot find enough food.|| The weather| stays so cold for so long| that they cannot eat enough| to keep alive.|| But birds| have many ways of fighting the cold.||
You shiver to keep warm.|| The heat that you make| is made mostly in your muscles.|| The muscles| make more heat| when they are active.|| So one way of keeping warm| is to move about,| use your muscles. Another way is to shiver.|| When your body needs heat,| the muscles tighten| and loosen quickly.|| They become active.|| Just as you shiver to keep warm,| so do birds.||

смысловые синтагмы простых и сложных предложений
неправильное чтение синтагм с перечислением (нужно читать их с восходящей интонацией)
неправильная интонация предложений с нисходящим тоном
неправильное произношение безударных слогов (отсутствие редукции)
неправильное чтение слов  с долгими и краткими гласными, которые влияют на изменение лексического значения слова: least [liːst] – list [list], leave [liːv] – live [liv], port [pɔːt] – pot [pɔt]
неправильное чтение слов с глухими и звонкими согласными в конце слова, которые меняют значение слова: bad – bat, food – foot
—неправильное чтение слов, в которых буквы пишутся, но не читаются: ballet, thistle, whole, muscles
неправильное произношение звуков, типичных для английского языка, подмена их произношения на русские звуки: [θ] — [ð], [w], [h], [ŋ], [ɜ:]

отдельно каждый из пяти задаваемых вопросов.
1 балл
Вопрос по содержанию отвечает поставленной задаче; имеет правильную грамматическую форму прямого вопроса; интонация соответствует типу задаваемого прямого вопроса; возможные фонетические и лексические погрешности не затрудняют восприятия
0 баллов
Вопрос не задан, или заданный вопрос по содержанию не отвечает поставленной задаче И/ИЛИ не имеет правильной грамматической формы прямого вопроса, И/ИЛИ интонация не соответствует типу задаваемого прямого вопроса; И/ИЛИ фонетические ошибки препятствуют коммуникации

each question.
You are considering joining the Yoga Club and now you are calling to find out more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask five direct questions to find out the following:
1) address of the club
2) opening days
3) if they offer classes for the aged people or for the young
4) fee per week
5) morning training programs

you some questions about your advertisement. / Hello! My name is Nick. I would like to ask you some questions about ... 
На экране компьютера поочередно будут появляться каждый из пяти пунктов задания. У Вас будет всего 20 секунд, для того чтобы построить ПРЯМОЙ ВОПРОС, поэтому, не отвлекаясь, приступайте к заданию. 
1) What is the address of the yoga club?/Where is the club situated?
2) What are the opening days?/What days is the club open?/When is the club open?
3) Do you offer classes for the aged people or for the young only?
4) How much is the training program per week?/What is the training fee per week?
5) You have got morning training programs, haven't you?/Are there any morning training    programs? / Have you got any morning programs?

тему построения вопросов в английском языке:
Вопрос должен соответствовать поставленной задаче.
Вопрос должен произноситься с интонацией, соответствующей типу задаваемого вопроса, например — повышаться в общих вопросах и понижаться  в специальных вопросах.
Вы можете задать все пять вопросов одного типа (например, специальные вопросы Special questions); это не повлияет на вашу оценку.

фото и сравнение двух фото) — максимум 7 баллов
1 — Решение коммуникативной задачи (содержание)*
3 балла
Коммуникативная задача выполнена полностью: содержание полно, точно и развёрнуто отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании
2 балла
Коммуникативная задача выполнена частично:  один аспект не раскрыт (остальные раскрыты полно), ИЛИ один-два раскрыты неполно (в среднем не менее двух фраз по каждому пункту плана)
1 балл
Коммуникативная задача выполнена не полностью: два аспекта не раскрыты (остальные раскрыты полно), ИЛИ все аспекты раскрыты неполно (в среднем менее двух фраз по каждому пункту плана)
0 баллов
Коммуникативная задача выполнена менее чем на 50%: три и более аспектов содержания не раскрыты
* Примечание. При получении экзаменуемым 0 баллов по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи» всё задание оценивается в 0 баллов

имеются вступительная и заключительная фразы, соответствующие теме. Средства логической связи используются правильно.
1 балл
Высказывание в основном логично и имеет достаточно завершённый характер, НО отсутствует вступительная И/ИЛИ заключительная фраза, И/ИЛИ средства логической связи используются недостаточно.
0 баллов
Высказывание нелогично И/ИЛИ не имеет завершенного характера; вступление и заключение отсутствуют; средства логической связи практически не используются.

фонетическое оформление высказывания соответствуют поставленной задаче (допускается не более двух негрубых лексико-грамматических ошибок И/ИЛИ не более двух негрубых фонетических ошибок)
1 балл
Используемый словарный запас, грамматические структуры, фонетическое оформление высказывания в основном соответствуют поставленной задаче (допускается не более четырёх лексико-грамматических ошибок (из них не более двух грубых)  ИЛИ/И не более четырёх фонетических ошибок (из них не более двух грубых)
0 баллов
Понимание высказывания затруднено из-за многочисленных лексико-грамматических и фонетических ошибок (пять и более лексико-грамматических ошибок И/ИЛИ пять и более фонетических ошибок) ИЛИ более двух грубых ошибок

some photos. Choose one photo to present to your friend.
1. 2. 3.
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more
than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
- when you took the photo
- what/who is in the photo
- what is happening
-why you took the photo
-why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with:
"I’ve chosen photo number … ".

some photos. Choose one photo to present to your friend.
You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak not more than 2 minutes.
In your talk remember to speak about:
when you took the photo (когда вы сделали фото)
what/who is in the photo (кто/что на фото)
what is happening (что происходит на фото)
why you took photo (почему вы сделали это фото)
why you decided to show the picture to your friend (почему вы решили показать эту фотографию своему другу)
 You have to talk continuosly, starting with:
 I've chosen photo number...

  

начните ответ с этой фразы, предварительно выбрав номер фотографии).
I took this photo in one of the beautiful parks in Edinburgh when I was on my trip to Scotland two years ago. It is quite amazing, isn't it? 
In the foreground of the photo you can see two girlfriends spending their free time hanging around. They might study or work together.  They seem to be in a good mood. They both are wearing all Scottish style suits, but the girl on the right who's got blond hair is wearing a yellow tartan, while the girl on the left has got a black-and-white pattern. Moreover, she's got an incredible hat which perfectly matches the rest of her clothing. The most stunning thing that caught my eye was her hair done in dreadlocks. In her right hand she is holding a black handbag made of leather.  
In the background of the picture there are a lot of green trees with bushy (thick) crown. It was early September and it happened to be a very warm and sunny day. But nevertheless some people put on their jackets because the weather is very changeable and unpredictable on the British Isles. The man on the right who is wearing a checked shirt might be a tourist because he has got a blue backpack. As you can see at this particular moment the place is not overcrowded, so I think, it is great to enjoy your leisure time with your nearest and dearest in such a place. 
I asked the girls to take their picture because I liked the style they were dressed up and I decided to show it to you because you are also keen on wearing unusual and freakish hats and maybe, the picture will give you some new ideas.
That is all I wanted to say. (обязательная фраза для экзаменатора, свидетельствующая о завершении коммуникаци

начните ответ с этой фразы, предварительно выбрав номер фотографии).
  I took this photo during my winter holidays when we went to the ski resort in the Caucasus. After the Winter Olympic Games 2014, Sochi attracts lots of tourists both from Russia and from around the world.
In the foreground of the picture you can see two children: a boy and a girl. They came here from Novosibirsk. They told me that they had started to ski when they were only three years old, that's why they look very confident on the snowy mountain slopes. The children are wearing bright ski suits made of special fabrics that protect them from cold and at the same time are very light that helps them move quickly. They also have all the necessary skiing equipment for this kind of sport such as alpine skis, plastic boots with special bindings, helmets, ski poles and goggle mounts.
In the background of the picture you can see mountain peaks covered with snow and some kind of pines. You can't see the mountains quite well from behind the clouds but it is a common phenomenon in this area.
At the very particular moment the children are learning a new downhill technique. And now they stopped for a while to take breath. Sometimes I saw them landing in a fall but they went to square one again and again. They didn't give up, so I should admit that they have got strong willpower. As you can see they look very healthy and happy. I believe that it's very useful to take up to sport from childhood. This will teach you to overcome difficulties in life, will teach you to win or to lose.
I took this photo because we made friends with the family from Novosibirsk and their cute kids and I want to remember the beautiful moments of my vacation.
I decided to show you this photo because I want you to appreciate these two young sportsmen and the beauty of the Caucasus Mountains.
That is all I wanted to say. (обязательная фраза для экзаменатора, свидетельствующая о завершении коммуникации)   

с этой фразы, предварительно выбрав номер фотографии).
I took this photo in London Zoo when I was on my trip to the UK a year ago. To tell the truth, I’m not very good at photography but this picture turned out to be a beautiful one.
In the foreground of the picture you can see a colony of pelicans. You can’t but agree with me that pelicans are large birds with very long beaks. They have a long neck and short stout legs with webbed feet. The tail is short and square.  They have pale plumage with some grey feathers on the wings.
On the left of the picture there is a pond where the birds can swim. The zoo keeper told us a lot of interesting things about pelicans. She explained us that some species could make their nests in the trees while the others nest on the ground. It was interesting to know that they can fly but cannot dive because of their light skeleton. I also learnt that pelicans live up to 25 years in the wild and up to 40 years in captivity. But the most amazing fact is that pelicans never store their food in their throat pouch contrary to popular folklore. They use it for catching fish.
In the background of the picture you can see a girl taking photos. At this particular moment the birds are cleaning their feathers after being fed. Guess what! We were allowed to give them some fish and it was really exciting! All in all the weather was warmish and I had a great time there.
I took this photo because I had never seen those birds before in real life and wanted to remember all places I had visited in London.
I decided to show you this photo because you are interested in photography and have got a big collection of snapshots of  birds. I think, it would be great if you could add my picture to it.
That is all I wanted to say. (обязательная фраза для экзаменатора, свидетельствующая о завершении коммуникации)  

… — На фотографии изображено …
In the centre/middle of the photo we can see a … — В центре/ середине фотографии мы видим …
In the foreground there is a … — На переднем плане находится …
In the background there are … — На заднем плане находится …
It is situated in … — Он расположен в …
On the left (of …) stands … — Слева (от …) стоит …
On the right (of …) sits… — Справа (от…) сидит …
In the distance we can make out the outline of a… — Вдалеке мы можем разглядеть очертания …
At first glance, … — На первый взгляд, …
But if you look closely, you can see … — Но если присмотреться, вы можете увидеть…
It looks strange … — Он выглядит странно
It looks like …. — Она похожа на …
As for, … — Что касается …
Лексика для описания фотографии на английском языке:
suppose — предположитьI can suppose that … — Я могу предположить, что …
guess — догадаться, предположить I guess … — Я полагаю …
make out- различить I can hardly make out (= see) — Я едва могу различить (увидеть) …
stand out against …- выделяться на фоне …
look + прилагательное — выглядеть
look as if — похоже, что
may / might — возможно (отличаются степенью вероятности)
probably — вероятно
seem — казаться
outline — очертания

( = over)
under — под ( = below)
near — около
next to — рядом с
far — далеко, далекий
behind — позади
in front of — перед
across — через, по ту сторону
around — вокруг
between — между
on — на (поверхности)
Запомните:
in the sky — на небе
in the rain — под дождем (как бы внутри дождя)
in the sun — под солнцем (в солнечном свете)
Также, если вы говорите о том, что изображено НА картине или фотографии, надо употреблять предлог IN:
in the picture
in the photo
in — в (внутри)
Но говоря о плодах и листьях, надо употреблять предлог ON:
on the tree
on the bush
Грамматические конструкции, используемые при описании фотографии на английском языке
При описании вам понадобятся следующие грамматические конструкции:
there is / are (конструкция местонахождения)
the Present Continuous Tense (при описании фотографий глаголы обычно ставятся в настоящее длительное время)
can, could, may, might (модальные глаголы в значении предположения)
действительные и страдательные причастия
who, which, whose и др. (относительные местоимения и придаточные определительные предложения)

to compare and
contrast the photographs:
-give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
-say what the pictures have in common
- say in what way the pictures are different
-say which kind of life you’d prefer for wild animals 
-explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to
talk continuously.

like to start with the first picture that shows a big polar bear in the zoo. The bear is sitting on a stone with its paws up. It is not looking at people, it looks aside and it seems that it is tired of so much attention. A lot of people have gathered near the open-air cage, taking pictures. As the people are wearing warm coats and caps, it is probably late autumn. The colours in this picture are grey and dark. As for the second picture, it also shows a bear, but it is a brown bear. It is completely different from the first one as it shows the bear in the wild. In contrast to the first picture, the second one is full of bright colours: yellow flowers, green grass. It shows a summer day. The bear is busy, it is carrying a log. I like this picture more and not only because I like summer but also because I believe that keeping wild animals in zoos is inhuman. Although some people say that it is necessary for some educational purposes, to say nothing of entertaiment. All in all, both pictures make me think of wildlife. As for me, I am sure that wild animals should live free in their natural habitat because they are part of nature.

which are presented here.
Obviously, both photos are related to the same theme. It is animal life.
[Аспект 1] Let me start with the first photo which shows a polar bear in the zoo. A lot of people have gathered around its open-air cage. They are taking pictures.
As for the second photo, it shows a brown bear in the forest. The bear is carrying a log and looks quite happy. The season is probably summer.
[Аспект 2] The photos have little in common. The only similarity is that they show an animal, the bear.
[Аспект 3] Obviously, there are a lot of differences. The first photo shows a bear in the zoo but, in contrast, the second one shows a bear in its natural habitat, the forest.
Besides, the bear in the first photo looks gloomy whereas in the second one the bear seems rather happy and lively.
Finally, the season is different. The sad and gloomy colours of the first photo are contrasted to the bright and cheerful colours of the second one.
[Аспект 4, аспект 5] Personally, I would certainly prefer freedom for wild animals. That is why I feel strongly against the first photo. I can’t help feeling sad and worried about that unlucky bear, which looks tired of people’s attention. I really do think that keeping wild animals in zoos is inhuman. More than that, I strongly believe that that every living being should have the right to be free.
[Аспект 5] In conclusion, I would like to say that both pictures make us think about animal life but in a different way.
I have come to the end of my talk, thank you for listening.

языке:

1.Подчеркиваем сходство:
both pictures — обе фотографии
the same — одинаковые
in the same way / in the same manner — похожим образом
similar/ alike — похожие
another similarity — еще одно сходство
have in common — иметь общее
2.Подчеркиваем различия:
another difference — еще одно различие
be different from — отличаться от
in the different way — отличным образом
instead of — вместо …
have little in common — иметь мало общего
3.Противопоставляем:
Unlike the first photo … — В отличие от…
On the contrary,… — Наоборот,…
On the other hand, … — С другой стороны,…
In contrast to … — В противоположность…
whearas — в то время как…

friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it. 

The highest mountain is located on Mars. The giant volcano Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in the solar system and in the known universe. At 14 miles and 388 miles across, it is almost three times the height of Mount Everest and so wide that its base would cover Arizona, or the whole of the area of the British Isles. The crater on the top is around 45 miles wide and over nearly 2 miles deep, easily big enough to swallow London.
We traditionally measure mountains by their height. If we measured them by their size, it would be meaningless to isolate one mountain in a range from the rest. That being so, Mount Everest would dwarf Olympus Mons. It is part of the gigantic range which is nearly 1,500 miles long.

and you'd like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask five direct questions to find out the following:
1) the most popular sights of the city
2) price for the family of three
3) recommendations
4) services that they provide during the trip
5) number of people in the trip
You have 20 seconds to ask each question.

photos. Choose one photo to present to your friend. 

You will have to start speaking in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). In your talk remember to speak about:
• when you took the photo
• what/who is in the photo
• what is happening
• why you took the photo
• why you decided to show the picture to your friend
You have to talk continuously, starting with: "I’ve chosen photo number … ".

compare and contrast the photographs: 
• give a brief description of the photos (action, location)
• say what the pictures have in common
• say in what way the pictures are different
• say what kind of transport presented in the photos you prefer
• explain why
You will speak for not more than 2 minutes (12–15 sentences). You have to talk continuously.