Phonology. Phonemes. Lecture 2

Июль 24, 2022

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Phonology. Phonemes. Lecture 2

Содержание

2. Plan Phonology. Methods of Phonological Investigation. Theories of the Phoneme. Phonemes and Allophones. Phonetic and Phonological
3. Phonology
4. Phonology Phonetics studies speech sounds from the articulatory and acoustic point of view. Phonology studies their
5. Methods of Phonological Investigation
6. Methods of Phonological Investigation Phonemes can be studied by the method of minimal pairs (commutation test,
7. Methods of Phonological Investigation The method of minimal pairs helps to identify 24 consonants and 20
8. Methods of Phonological Investigation The articulatory features that serve to distinguish meaning are called distinctive (relevant)
9. Theories of the Phoneme
10. Theories of the Phoneme Scientists about the Phoneme: L. A. Baudouin de Courtney: In speech we
11. Theories of the Phoneme Ferdinand de Saussure: The phoneme is the sum of acoustic impressions and
12. Theories of the Phoneme D. Jones: The phoneme is a family of sounds. The members of
13. Theories of the Phoneme L. V. Shcherba: The phoneme is a real independent distinctive unit which
14. Phonemes and Allophones
15. Phonemes and Allophones Allophones are variants of phonemes (actually pronounced speech sounds). Allophones are realized in
16. Phonemes and Allophones Typical, or principal variant of the phoneme is the most representative and free
17. Phonetic and Phonological Mistakes
18. Phonetic and Phonological Mistakes Phonological mistakes: if an allophone of some phoneme is replaced by an
19. Questions
20. Questions What is phonology? What theories of the phoneme do you know? What methods of phonology
22. Скачать презентацию

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Plan
Phonology.
Methods of Phonological Investigation.
Theories of the Phoneme.
Phonemes and Allophones.
Phonetic and Phonological

Mistakes.

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Phonology

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Phonology
Phonetics studies speech sounds from the articulatory and acoustic point of

view.
Phonology studies their communicative purposes.
The unit of phonetics is a speech sound, the unit of phonology is a phoneme.

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Methods of Phonological Investigation

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Methods of Phonological Investigation
Phonemes can be studied by the method of

minimal pairs (commutation test, method of substitution). It consists in finding pairs of words which differ in one phoneme.
E.g. bat – cat (minimal pair)
E.g. can – ran - man (minimal set)

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Methods of Phonological Investigation
The method of minimal pairs helps to identify

24 consonants and 20 vowels in English. They form a system of opposition. If the substitution of one sound for another results in the change of meaning, the commuted sounds are different phonemes.

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Methods of Phonological Investigation
The articulatory features that serve to distinguish meaning

are called distinctive (relevant) features: [t – d] (presence or absence of voice).
The articulatory features that do not serve to distinguish meaning are called non-distinctive (irrelevant) features: [p – p] (presence or absence of aspiration).

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Theories of the Phoneme

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Theories of the Phoneme
Scientists about the Phoneme:
L. A. Baudouin de Courtney:

In speech we utter a much greater variety of sounds than we are aware of. And these sounds are united in a number of sound types which are capable of distinguishing the meaning and the form of words, so they serve the purpose of social communication.

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Theories of the Phoneme
Ferdinand de Saussure: The phoneme is the sum

of acoustic impressions and articulatory movements of that which is heard and of that which is pronounced, both being mutually dependent.
Trubetzkoy N.: The phoneme is the minimal sound unit by which meaning may be differentiated.
Trubetzkoy N. proclaimed a new science – phonology as distinct from phonetics. He separated language from speech.

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Theories of the Phoneme
D. Jones: The phoneme is a family of

sounds. The members of the family show phonetic similarity. No member of the family can occur in the same phonetic context as any other member.
B. Bloch, G. Trager: The phoneme is a class of phonetically similar sounds, contrasting and mutually exclusive with all similar classes in the language.

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Theories of the Phoneme
L. V. Shcherba: The phoneme is a real

independent distinctive unit which manifests itself in the form of allophones.
V. A. Vassilyev: The phoneme is a dialectical unity of 3 aspects:
1) material, real, objective;
2) abstract and generalized;
3) functional.

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Phonemes and Allophones

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Phonemes and Allophones
Allophones are variants of phonemes (actually pronounced speech sounds).

Allophones are realized in concrete words. They show phonetic similarity (their acoustic and articulatory features have much in common), but at the same time they differ in some degree and are incapable of differentiating words.
[t] in twice, eighth, trouble, written, little, stay.

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Phonemes and Allophones
Typical, or principal variant of the phoneme is the

most representative and free from the influence of the neighbouring phonemes.
Subsidiary allophones are variants of the phoneme in actual speech:
Positional allophones (let – hill)
Combinatory allophones (peak – speak).

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Phonetic and Phonological Mistakes

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Phonetic and Phonological Mistakes
Phonological mistakes: if an allophone of some phoneme

is replaced by an allophone of a different phoneme, the meaning of a word is changed.
cap - gap
Phonetic mistakes: if an allophone of some phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the same phoneme, the meaning of a word is not changed.
take - steak

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Questions

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Questions
What is phonology?
What theories of the phoneme do you know?
What

methods of phonology do you know?
What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?
What types of allophones do you know?
What is the difference between phonetic and phonological mistakes?
What functions does the phoneme perform?

Phonology. Phonemes. Lecture 2

Содержание

PlanPhonology.Methods of Phonological Investigation.Theories of the Phoneme.Phonemes and Allophones.Phonetic and Phonological

Phonology

Phonology Phonetics studies speech sounds from the articulatory and acoustic point of

Methods of Phonological Investigation

Methods of Phonological Investigation Phonemes can be studied by the method of

Methods of Phonological Investigation The method of minimal pairs helps to identify

Methods of Phonological Investigation The articulatory features that serve to distinguish meaning

Theories of the Phoneme

Theories of the PhonemeScientists about the Phoneme:L. A. Baudouin de Courtney:

Theories of the PhonemeFerdinand de Saussure: The phoneme is the sum

Theories of the PhonemeD. Jones: The phoneme is a family of

Theories of the PhonemeL. V. Shcherba: The phoneme is a real