Презентация к уроку английского языка "Microbial biotechnology" - скачать бесплатно

Сентябрь 1, 2022

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Презентация к уроку английского языка "Microbial biotechnology" - скачать бесплатно

Содержание

2. What are microbes? Microbes are small single-celled organisms Either free-living or in colonies They can belong
3. Eubacteria (Bacteria) Archaebacteria (Archaea) Eukaryota (Eukaryotes) Three Domains
4. Eubacteria Gram-negative and gram-positive prokaryotes Either autotrophs or heterotrophs Can be aerobic or anaerobic Mesophiles Examples:
5. Archea Ancient domain, but only recently identified Through DNA analysis they were determined to differ significantly
6. Eukaryotes Predominately yeasts/molds, protists, algae Sac shaped cells that form sexual spores Examples: Sacchromyces Penicillium Aspergillus
7. Commercial Uses of Microbes Products Bioconversion/Biocatalysis Agriculture Bioremediation Oil/Mineral Recovery
8. Fermentation is a process for the production of useful products through mass culture of single-cells The
9. http://www.wavebiotech.com/products/wave_bioreactor/system500/index.html http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/lonza/lonza1.html 15 000L Fermenter 1000L Disposable Bag
10. Types of Products Produced in Microbes Amino Acids Vitamins Food Additives Enzymes Recombinant Protein Drugs Antibiotics
11. Enzyme: chymosin - the enzyme used to curdle milk products Hormone: bST - bovine somatotropin; used
12. 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin,
13. How Are Microbes Modified? Artifical Selection Recombiant DNA Metabolic Engineering
14. Transgenic microbes are created when cDNAs for the protein product are cloned into expression vectors Human
15. Enzyme/Drug
16. Metabolic Engineering, manipulation of pathways within an organism to optimize the production of a compound Done
17. The microbe is forced to produce alanine at higher than normal amounts
18. Carotenoid production in E.coli cells
19. Fermentation Products Enzymes
20. Enzymes, the most common product produced by microbes Overall value of industrial enzymes is about $2.0
21. Enzyme Name GE Organism Use (examples) α-acetolactate bacteria Removes bitter substances decarboxylase from beer α -amylase
22. Detergent Enzymes
23. Detergents are the largest application of industrial enzymes Traditionally these are lipolases, proteases & amylases A
24. Subtilisin, a protease used in laundry detergents The recombinant protein was engineered to remain active in
25. Directed evolution is the most recent tool utilized in the creation of new and better enzymes
26. Subtilisin normally functions in aqueous solution Mutations were introduced randomly throughout the structure of the enzyme
27. Enzymes for Feed
28. Enzymes are used in animal feed to breakdown cellulose (cellulase) New use of enzymes (phytases) which
29. Where do the genes for these enzymes come from? Nature is still an important source (Gene
30. Recombinant Drugs Besides antibiotics which are derived from microorganisms Protein medicines are produced by inserting human
31. 1982, FDA approves the first recombinant protein drug, human insulin produced by E. coli developed by
32. Product Microbe Purpose Insulin E. coli Diabetes treatment Interleukin-2 E. coli Cancer/immune system stimulant EGF E.
33. Other Products From Microbes Fuels, Plastics, Medications
34. Ethanol Production Produced via anaerobic fermentation by yeast Corn starch is hydrolyzed to glucose monomers
35. Problem with Corn Ethanol Ethanol contains 76000BTU/gal Takes ~98000BTU/gal to produce from corn sugar Gasoline contains
36. Plastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a polymer made by some microbes as a way of storing carbon
37. http://www2.unil.ch/ibpv/WWWPoirier/images/Fig2.jpg
38. Bioconversion Utilization of microbes to modify a compound Useful when multi-step chemical synthesis is expensive or
39. starting product End products
40. Microbes and Agriculture
41. Frost damages many crops such as citrus trees & strawberries When fruit freeze the ice crystals
42. Some ice crystal nucleation is due to bacterial activity Pseudomonas syringae promotes the development of ice
43. A strain of P. syringae called “ice minus” was developed Plants were to be sprayed with
44. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium During sporulation produces insecticidal crystal protein (ICP), a
45. http://www.bioc.cam.ac.uk/~dje1/
47. Bioremediation
48. Bioremediation is reclaiming or cleaning of contaminated sites using microbes or other organisms This entails the
49. Bacteria are isolated based on their efficiency at digesting & converting the waste The bacteria are
50. What can be cleaned up using bioremediation? Oil spills Waste water Plastics Chemicals (PCBs) Toxic Metals
51. Oil/Wastewater Cleanup
52. Bioremediation Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and
53. Microbes that digest hydrocarbons found throughout the environment These naturally occurring microbes are utilized during a
54. Exxon Valdez off the Coast of Alaska http://blogs.abcnews.com/photos/uncategorized/exxon_valdez.jpg
55. Before After Smaller scale cleanup is feasible For 3 months nutrients and microbes were sprayed on
56. Before After Treatment of domestic sewage or industrial waste Utilizes aeration to oxygenate allowing aerobic microbes
57. Plastic Degradation
58. 140 million tons of plastics are produced each year Traditional plastics are very stable and do
59. Chemicals Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
60. PCBs have low water solubility, good insulating properties, high boiling points and resistance to chemicals The
61. 1977, Monsanto (main producer) stops all PCB production Millions of lbs of PCBs are still in
62. Microbes that dehalogenate PCBs have been isolated This process is referred to as halorespiration Involves the
63. Heavy Metal Clean up
64. Uranium processing has left contaminated groundwater sites across the United States and the world Traditional “pump-and-treat”
65. Biomining
66. Microbe assisted mining has gone on for millennia Early copper miners used microbes to leach copper
67. Cu2S not soluble CuSO4 is soluble
68. Commercial Bioleaching Tanks
71. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

What are microbes?
Microbes are small single-celled organisms
Either free-living or

in colonies
They can belong to any of the three domains

Слайд 3

Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
Archaebacteria
(Archaea)
Eukaryota
(Eukaryotes)
Three Domains

Слайд 4

Eubacteria
Gram-negative and gram-positive prokaryotes
Either autotrophs or heterotrophs
Can be

aerobic or anaerobic
Mesophiles
Examples:
E. coli
Lactobacillus
Agrobacterium
Staphylococcus

Слайд 5

Archea
Ancient domain, but only recently identified
Through DNA analysis they

were determined to differ significantly from eubacteria
Found predominantly in extreme environments (Extremophiles)
Thermophiles 50- 110°C
Psychrophiles 0- 20°C
Alkaliphiles pH>9
Halophiles 3- 20% salt
Methanogens use H2 + CO2 to produce CH4

Слайд 6

Eukaryotes
Predominately yeasts/molds, protists, algae
Sac shaped cells that form sexual spores
Examples:
Sacchromyces
Penicillium
Aspergillus
Pichia

Слайд 7

Commercial Uses of Microbes
Products
Bioconversion/Biocatalysis
Agriculture
Bioremediation
Oil/Mineral Recovery

Слайд 8

Fermentation is a process for the production of useful products through

mass culture of single-cells
The end products or the various intermediate products (metabolites) are siphoned off & purified for commercial use

stirred tank reactor

Fermenter or Bioreactor

Слайд 9

http://www.wavebiotech.com/products/wave_bioreactor/system500/index.html
http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/lonza/lonza1.html
15 000L Fermenter
1000L Disposable Bag

Слайд 10

Types of Products Produced in Microbes
Amino Acids
Vitamins
Food Additives
Enzymes
Recombinant Protein Drugs
Antibiotics
Fuels
Plastics

Слайд 11

Enzyme: chymosin - the enzyme used
to curdle milk products
Hormone: bST

- bovine somatotropin; used to increase milk production

Examples of bacterially-expressed proteins:

Слайд 12

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
He observed that Penicillium fungus

made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

Original Penicillium moulds produced less than 10 units of penicillin per ml of fermentation broth (1943)
By 1955 Penicillium strains produced 8000 units/ml
Mutation with UV, mustard gas, and X-Ray, strain selection / culture improvement
Is this GMO?

Слайд 13

How Are Microbes Modified?
Artifical Selection
Recombiant DNA
Metabolic Engineering

Слайд 14

Transgenic microbes are created when cDNAs for the protein product are

cloned into expression vectors
Human genes inserted into E. coli
Genes from extremophiles are moved to mesophiles
Due to the ease in culturing of mesophiles
Mesophiles also have 5 to 10x higher growth rates

Recombinant DNA Microbes

Слайд 15

Enzyme/Drug

Слайд 16

Metabolic Engineering, manipulation of pathways within an organism to optimize the

production of a compound
Done by turning off particular genes, either through mutation or deletion
Products are also gained by altering the microbe’s environment

Слайд 17

The microbe is forced to produce alanine at higher than normal

amounts

Слайд 18

Carotenoid production in E.coli cells

Слайд 19

Fermentation Products
Enzymes

Слайд 20

Enzymes, the most common product produced by microbes
Overall value of industrial

enzymes is about $2.0 billion1
They are found in many household items that you would never think to have a biotechnology component

Enzymes

1 2004 data

Слайд 21

Enzyme Name GE Organism Use (examples)
α-acetolactate bacteria Removes bitter substances decarboxylase from

beer
α -amylase bacteria Converts starch to simple sugar
Catalase fungi Reduces food deterioration
Chymosin bacteria or fungi Clots casein to make cheese
β-glucanase bacteria Improves beer filtration
Glucose isomerase bacteria Converts glucose to fructose
Glucose oxidase fungi Reduces food deterioration
Lipase fungi Oil and fat modification
Maltogenic amylase bacteria Slows staling of breads
Pectinesterase fungi Improves fruit juice clarity
Protease bacteria Improves bread dough structure
xylanase (hemicellulase) bacteria or fungi Enhances rising of bread dough

http://www.geo-pie.cornell.edu/crops/enzymes.html

Слайд 22

Detergent Enzymes

Слайд 23

Detergents are the largest application of industrial enzymes
Traditionally these are lipolases,

proteases & amylases
A recent innovation is the addition of mannanase
This enzyme aids in removing stains containing guar gum
These enzymes are engineered to improve stability in the presence of detergent, alkaline pH, and cold water

Слайд 24

Subtilisin, a protease used in laundry detergents
The recombinant protein was engineered

to remain active in the presence of bleach
Bleach caused the oxidation of one amino acid (methionine) and the enzyme lost 90% of its activity
By replacing this amino acid with alanine, the engineered enzyme was no longer sensitive to oxidation

Слайд 25

Directed evolution is the most recent tool utilized in the creation

of new and better enzymes (& other proteins)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2004/July/rational.asp

Слайд 26

Subtilisin normally functions in aqueous solution
Mutations were introduced randomly throughout the

structure of the enzyme
Only 0.1–1% of the mutations were beneficial, but…
Activity in 60% dimethylformamide was improved 256-fold

doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(02)00396-4

Слайд 27

Enzymes for Feed

Слайд 28

Enzymes are used in animal feed to breakdown cellulose (cellulase)
New use

of enzymes (phytases) which breakdown phytic acid
This allows better utilization of plant phosphorus stores
Allowing bone-meal to be removed from feeds
The latest generation of phytases are from fungus and have been engineered to survive high temperatures used during food processing
65% of poultry and 10% of swine feeds contain enzymes

Слайд 29

Where do the genes for these enzymes come from?
Nature is still

an important source (Gene Prospecting)
~<1% of the microbes have been grown in pure cultures
But what if you cannot find the enzyme you want?

You engineer it…
In the 1980’s rational protein engineering was introduced as a way of optimizing enzymes

Слайд 30

Recombinant Drugs
Besides antibiotics which are derived from microorganisms
Protein medicines are produced

by inserting human genes into microbes

Слайд 31

1982, FDA approves the first recombinant protein drug, human insulin produced

by E. coli developed by Genentech
Today there are >75 recombinant protein drugs approved by the FDA with 100s more being studied
Currently the global market for recombinant protein drugs is $47.4 billion1

(2006)

Слайд 32

Product Microbe Purpose
Insulin E. coli Diabetes treatment
Interleukin-2 E. coli Cancer/immune system stimulant
EGF E. coli wound healing
Interferons E. coli/yeast Cancer/virus treatments
Prourokinase E.coli/yeast Anticoagulant/heart attacks
CSF E.

coli/yeast Immune stimulant
Taxol E. coli ovarian cancer

Слайд 33

Other Products From Microbes
Fuels, Plastics, Medications

Слайд 34

Ethanol Production
Produced via anaerobic fermentation by yeast
Corn starch is hydrolyzed to

glucose monomers

Слайд 35

Problem with Corn Ethanol
Ethanol contains 76000BTU/gal
Takes ~98000BTU/gal to produce from

corn sugar
Gasoline contains 112000BTU/gal
Costs 22000BTU/gal to extract and refine
A BTU (British thermal unit) is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
2004 3.4 billion gallons of ethanol were produced
U.S. consumes 140 billion gallons of gasoline/yr

Слайд 36

Plastics
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a polymer made by some microbes as a

way of storing carbon
Up to 80% of the microbe’s biomass is plastic
PHA is sold to make shampoo bottles in Germany, and disposable razors in Japan
The microbe Pseudomonas putida converts styrene to PHA

http://www2.unil.ch/ibpv/WWWPoirier/images/Fig1.jpg

Слайд 37

http://www2.unil.ch/ibpv/WWWPoirier/images/Fig2.jpg

Слайд 38

Bioconversion
Utilization of microbes to modify a compound
Useful when multi-step chemical synthesis

is expensive or inefficient
Often microbial conversion is combined with traditional chemistry to reduce the steps necessary
The most common use of bioconversion is in the synthesis of steroids such as hormones & corticosteroids

Слайд 39

starting product
End products

Слайд 40

Microbes and Agriculture

Слайд 41

Frost damages many crops such as citrus trees & strawberries
When fruit

freeze the ice crystals form
As the plants thaws they are effectively turned to mush

Frost damage to an orange leaf and fruit

Frost Damage

Слайд 42

Some ice crystal nucleation is due to bacterial activity
Pseudomonas syringae promotes

the development of ice at 0 to 2°C
If the bacteria are not present ice does not form until between –6 and –8°C

Слайд 43

A strain of P. syringae called “ice minus” was developed
Plants were

to be sprayed with the ice minus strain
This inhibits colonization by the “ice plus” (wild) strain
The EPA declared the new strain to be a pesticide
This made the review process lengthy and burdensome
The company thought it too expensive to pursue
However the “ice plus” strain has found a purpose…

Слайд 44

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium
During sporulation produces

insecticidal crystal protein (ICP), a toxin (Cry)
The toxin brakes down quickly in the environment
They have no toxicity to humans & there is no withholding period on produce sprayed with Bt
Cry toxins vary in their toxicity and specificity

Microbial Pesticides

Слайд 45

http://www.bioc.cam.ac.uk/~dje1/

Слайд 46

Слайд 47

Bioremediation

Слайд 48

Bioremediation is reclaiming or cleaning of contaminated sites using microbes or

other organisms
This entails the removal, degradation, or sequestering of pollutants &/or toxic wastes

http://www.cleanearthltd.com/en/contamination_cleanup/index.php

Слайд 49

Bacteria are isolated based on their efficiency at digesting & converting

the waste
The bacteria are tested for performance and safety
Bacteria are placed back in the waste environment in high concentrations
The bacteria grow & in the process digest & convert the waste into CO2 and H20

Слайд 50

What can be cleaned up using bioremediation?
Oil spills
Waste water

Plastics
Chemicals (PCBs)
Toxic Metals

Слайд 51

Oil/Wastewater Cleanup

Слайд 52

Bioremediation
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage.
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such

as oil and mercury

Слайд 53

Microbes that digest hydrocarbons found throughout the environment
These naturally occurring microbes

are utilized during a spill to clean shore lines
Fertilizer is added to supply the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen
This was approach was used after the Exxon Valdez
Stimulated the natural rate of biodegradation by 2 to 5x
There have yet to be any other instances of this being used on a large-scale

Слайд 54

Exxon Valdez off the Coast of Alaska
http://blogs.abcnews.com/photos/uncategorized/exxon_valdez.jpg

Слайд 55

Before After
Smaller scale cleanup is feasible
For 3 months nutrients and microbes were

sprayed on this field
After 11 months the site was deemed clean

6000yards3 petroleum conc. Before 4000ppm After 100ppm

Слайд 56

Before After
Treatment of domestic sewage or industrial waste
Utilizes aeration to oxygenate allowing

aerobic microbes to digest solid waste

Wastewater

Слайд 57

Plastic Degradation

Слайд 58

140 million tons of plastics are produced each year
Traditional plastics are

very stable and do not degrade
Some plastics have been shown to be biodegradable
Strains of bacteria have been isolated that breakdown:
Polyurethane
Polyvinyl alcohol
Nylon-66
The degradation pathways are currently under study

Слайд 59

Chemicals
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Слайд 60

PCBs have low water solubility, good insulating properties, high boiling points

and resistance to chemicals
The largest uses for PCBs was in capacitors, transformers, & as plasticizers

Слайд 61

1977, Monsanto (main producer) stops all PCB production
Millions of lbs of

PCBs are still in place around the world
The stability properties that made PCBs so useful have allowed them to persist in the environment
Most people in industrialized countries have PCBs in their tissue

Слайд 62

Microbes that dehalogenate PCBs have been isolated
This process is referred to

as halorespiration
Involves the replacement of the Cl with an –OH
This process is multi-step with four enzymes required
These enzymes are now the target of protein engineering to optimize their performance

Слайд 63

Heavy Metal Clean up

Слайд 64

Uranium processing has left contaminated groundwater sites across the United States

and the world
Traditional “pump-and-treat” methods take decades and expose workers to toxic levels of uranium
Geobacter to convert soluble uranium to insoluble uraninite
Uraninite stays put instead of mixing with water used for drinking or irrigation
The microbes are encouraged to multiply by injecting acetate
In ~50 days, 70% of the uranium is converted into uraninite

Слайд 65

Biomining

Слайд 66

Microbe assisted mining has gone on for millennia
Early copper miners used

microbes to leach copper from ore without even knowing it
Low-grade ore and mine tailings are exploited biologically
Sulfides of metals like zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, tungsten, lead are insoluble in water
These sulfides are converted to sulfate which are soluble
The sulfates leach out of the ore and are then extracted

Слайд 67

Cu2S not soluble CuSO4 is soluble

Слайд 68

Commercial Bioleaching Tanks

Слайд 69

Презентация к уроку английского языка "Microbial biotechnology" - скачать бесплатно

Содержание

What are microbes? Microbes are small single-celled organisms Either free-living or

Eubacteria(Bacteria)Archaebacteria(Archaea)Eukaryota(Eukaryotes)Three Domains

Eubacteria Gram-negative and gram-positive prokaryotes Either autotrophs or heterotrophs Can be

Archea Ancient domain, but only recently identified Through DNA analysis they

EukaryotesPredominately yeasts/molds, protists, algaeSac shaped cells that form sexual sporesExamples: Sacchromyces Penicillium Aspergillus Pichia

Commercial Uses of MicrobesProductsBioconversion/BiocatalysisAgricultureBioremediationOil/Mineral Recovery

Fermentation is a process for the production of useful products through

http://www.wavebiotech.com/products/wave_bioreactor/system500/index.htmlhttp://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/lonza/lonza1.html15 000L Fermenter1000L Disposable Bag

Types of Products Produced in MicrobesAmino AcidsVitaminsFood AdditivesEnzymesRecombinant Protein DrugsAntibioticsFuelsPlastics

Enzyme: chymosin - the enzyme used to curdle milk productsHormone: bST

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.He observed that Penicillium fungus

How Are Microbes Modified?Artifical SelectionRecombiant DNAMetabolic Engineering

Transgenic microbes are created when cDNAs for the protein product are

Enzyme/Drug

Metabolic Engineering, manipulation of pathways within an organism to optimize the

The microbe is forced to produce alanine at higher than normal

Carotenoid production in E.coli cells

Fermentation ProductsEnzymes

Enzymes, the most common product produced by microbesOverall value of industrial

Enzyme Name GE Organism Use (examples) α-acetolactate bacteria Removes bitter substances decarboxylase from

Detergent Enzymes

Detergents are the largest application of industrial enzymesTraditionally these are lipolases,

Subtilisin, a protease used in laundry detergentsThe recombinant protein was engineered

Directed evolution is the most recent tool utilized in the creation

Subtilisin normally functions in aqueous solutionMutations were introduced randomly throughout the

Enzymes for Feed

Enzymes are used in animal feed to breakdown cellulose (cellulase)New use

Where do the genes for these enzymes come from?Nature is still

Recombinant DrugsBesides antibiotics which are derived from microorganismsProtein medicines are produced