What is questionnaire. Types of questionnaires

Содержание

Слайд 2

What is Questionnaire Types of questionnaires 一 二 Parts of a questionnaire To design a questionnaire

What is Questionnaire
Types of questionnaires 一 二
Parts of a questionnaire
To design

a questionnaire
Слайд 3

What is Questionnaire

What is Questionnaire

Слайд 4

What is Questionnaire Definition Questionnaires are any written instruments that present

What is Questionnaire

Definition
Questionnaires are any written instruments that present respondents with

a series of questions or statements to which they are to react either by writing or their answers or selecting from among existing answers.
The term “questionnaire” refers to an instrument for the collection of data, usually in written form, consisting of open/closed questions and other probes requiring a response from subjects.
Слайд 5

A brief description A survey study usually involves a relatively large

A brief description

A survey study usually involves a relatively large

sample and is descriptive in nature. It either describes the features of a few variables or the relation between two or more variables.
A survey study may be cross-sectional, when data are collected from different people at the same point in time; it may be longitudinal , when data are collected from the same group of people at different points over a period of time.
Слайд 6

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of

questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone, computer or post.
Questionnaires provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people. Data can be collected relatively quickly because the researcher would not need to be present when the questionnaires were completed. This is useful for large populations when interviews would be impractical.
However, a problem with questionnaire is that respondents may lie due to social desirability. Most people want to present a positive image of themselves and so may lie or bend the truth to look good, e.g., pupils would exaggerate revision duration.
Questionnaires can be an effective means of measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and, intentions of relatively large numbers of subjects more cheaply and quickly than other methods. An important distinction is between open-ended and closed questions.
Often a questionnaire uses both open and closed questions to collect data. This is beneficial as it means both quantitative and qualitative data can be obtained.
Слайд 7

Types of questionnaires:

Types of questionnaires:

Слайд 8

Types of questionnaires: Computer questionnaire. Telephone questionnaire In-house survey Mail Questionnaire

Types of questionnaires:

Computer questionnaire.
Telephone questionnaire
In-house survey
Mail Questionnaire


Слайд 9

Computer questionnaire. Respondents are asked to answer the questionnaire which is

Computer questionnaire.

Respondents are asked to answer the questionnaire which is

sent by mail. The advantages of the computer questionnaires include their inexpensive price, time-efficiency, and respondents do not feel pressured, therefore can answer when they have time, giving more accurate answers. However, the main shortcoming of the mail questionnaires is that sometimes respondents do not bother answering them and they can just ignore the questionnaire.
Слайд 10

Telephone questionnaire . Researcher may choose to call potential respondents with

Telephone questionnaire

. Researcher may choose to call potential respondents with

the aim of getting them to answer the questionnaire. The advantage of the telephone questionnaire is that, it can be completed during the short amount of time. The main disadvantage of the phone questionnaire is that it is expensive most of the time. Moreover, most people do not feel comfortable to answer many questions asked through the phone and it is difficult to get sample group to answer questionnaire over the phone.
Слайд 11

In-house survey This type of questionnaire involves the researcher visiting respondents

In-house survey

This type of questionnaire involves the researcher visiting respondents

in their houses or workplaces. The advantage of in-house survey is that more focus towards the questions can be gained from respondents. However, in-house surveys also have a range of
disadvantages which include being time consuming, more expensive and respondents may not wish to have the researcher in their houses or workplaces for various reasons.
Слайд 12

Mail Questionnaire This sort of questionnaires involve the researcher to send

Mail Questionnaire

This sort of questionnaires involve the researcher to send the

questionnaire list to respondents through post, often attaching pre-paid envelope. Mail questionnaires have an advantage of providing more accurate answer, because respondents can answer the questionnaire in their spare time. The disadvantages associated with mail questionnaires include them being expensive, time consuming and sometimes they end up in the bin put by respondents.
Слайд 13

Types of questionnaires: Closed Questions Limitations

Types of questionnaires:

Closed Questions
Limitations

Слайд 14

Closed Questions Closed questions structure the answer by only allowing responses

Closed Questions

Closed questions structure the answer by only allowing responses

which fit into pre-decided categories.
Data that can be placed into a category is called nominal data. The category can be restricted to as few as two options, i.e., dichotomous (e.g., 'yes' or 'no,' 'male' or 'female'), or include quite complex lists of alternatives from which the respondent can choose (e.g., polytomous).
Closed questions can also provide ordinal data (which can be ranked). This often involves using a continuous rating scale to measure the strength of attitudes or emotions. For example, strongly agree / agree / neutral / disagree / strongly disagree / unable to answer. Closed questions have been used to research type A personality (e.g., Friedman & Rosenman, 1974), and also to assess life events which may cause stress (Holmes & Rahe, 1967), and attachment (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000).
Слайд 15

Strengths They can be economical. This means they can provide large

Strengths

They can be economical. This means they can provide large

amounts of research data for relatively low costs. Therefore, a large sample size can be obtained which should be representative of the population, which a researcher can then generalize from.
* The respondent provides information which can be easily converted into quantitative data (e.g., count the number of 'yes' or 'no' answers), allowing statistical analysis of the responses.
* The questions are standardized. All respondents are asked exactly the same questions in the same order. This means a questionnaire can be replicated easily to check for reliability. Therefore, a second researcher can use the questionnaire to check that the results are consistent.
Слайд 16

Limitations They lack detail. Because the responses are fixed, there is

Limitations

They lack detail. Because the responses are fixed, there is

less scope for respondents to supply answers which reflect their true feelings on a topic.
Слайд 17

Open Questions Open questions allow people to express what they think

Open Questions

Open questions allow people to express what they think

in their own words. Open-ended questions enable the respondent to answer in as much detail as they like in their own words. For example: “can you tell me how happy you feel right now?”
If you want to gather more in-depth answers from your respondents, then open questions will work better. These give no pre-set answer options and instead allow the respondents to put down exactly what they like in their own words.
Open questions are often used for complex questions that cannot be answered in a few simple categories but require more detail and discussion. Lawrence Kohlberg presented his participants with moral dilemmas. One of the most famous concerns a character called Heinz who is faced with the choice between watching his wife die of cancer or stealing the only drug that could help her. Participants were asked whether Heinz should steal the drug or not and, more importantly, for their reasons why upholding or breaking the law is right.
Слайд 18

Strengths Rich qualitative data is obtained as open questions allow the

Strengths

Rich qualitative data is obtained as open questions allow the

respondent to elaborate on their answer. This means the research can find out why a person holds a certain attitude.
Слайд 19

Limitations Time-consuming to collect the data. It takes longer for the

Limitations

Time-consuming to collect the data. It takes longer for the

respondent to complete open questions. This is a problem as a smaller sample size may be obtained.
* Time-consuming to analyze the data. It takes longer for the researcher to analyze qualitative data as they have to read the answers and try to put them into categories by coding, which is often subjective and difficult. However, Smith (1992) has devoted an entire book to the issues of thematic content analysis the includes 14 different scoring systems for open-ended questions.
* Not suitable for less educated respondents as open questions require superior writing skills and a better ability to express one's feelings verbally.
Слайд 20

To design a questionnaire

To design a questionnaire

Слайд 21

The main parts of a questionnaire 1)Title 2)Instruction : Instructions are

The main parts of a questionnaire

1)Title
2)Instruction :
Instructions are of two

types:
- general instruction at the beginning of the questionnaire
- specific instructions introducing each new task
(3) Questionnaire items
(4) Additional information
(5) Final “thank you”
Слайд 22

Criteria for a good questionnaire: Having high internal validity By saying

Criteria for a good questionnaire:

Having high internal validity
By saying a

questionnaire should have high internal validity means that items in the questionnaire must measure the variables you really want to investigate. But some researchers might fail to meet the criteria because of lack of skills or experience. Actually, having low internal validity is a common flaw occurring in a questionnaire constructed by a novice researcher.
Слайд 23

Taking a professional outlook How a questionnaire looks can affect the

Taking a professional outlook

How a questionnaire looks can affect the

attitude of the respondents which in turn influence the quality of their response.
1)You should avoid clipping or stating papers together if a questionnaire contains more than 5 pages.
2)One question should not be printed across two page.
3)You should avoid crowing questions together to make the questionnaire looks shorter.
4)The paper for printing should be of high quality and the printing itself must be clear and easy to read.
Слайд 24

Another classification method 1)Selecting the mode of administration. Selecting the mode of administration.

Another classification method

1)Selecting the mode of administration.
Selecting the mode of administration.

Слайд 25

Two common models: By person: By mail:

Two common models:

By person:
By mail:

Слайд 26

By person: A group of subjects usually answer the same questionnaire

By person:

A group of subjects usually answer the same questionnaire together.

The organizer gives the respondents instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and clarifications if there are any ambiguous items. The organizer can also check whether the respondents has responded to all the items and thus the rate of data can be greatly reduced.
Слайд 27

By mail: If the respondents are spread out in different cities

By mail:

If the respondents are spread out in different cities

or even in different countries what you can do is to mail the questionnaire to the target people.
Researchers cannot control the overall response rate of missing items. Even if a questionnaire is returned ,s/he cannot be sure that questionnaire is filled out by the people s/he expected and under which circumstances the questionnaire is completed.
Слайд 28

Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect. At this

Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.

At this stage,

you have to understand what kind of data you really want to collect. There are five type of information.
A. Experience/behaviour (what a respondent does)
B. Opinion (what a respondent thinks)
C. Feeling (what a respondent feels)
D. Knowledge/abilities (what a respondent knows and what is he able to do)
E. Background (such as date of birth, age, gender, martial status)
Слайд 29

Determining the way you process the questionnaire data. Individual- item-based If

Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.

Individual- item-based
If the basic

unit in the data analysis is an individual item, such as describing frequency and the mean of one isolate item, then such a questionnaire is called individual- item-based.
The construction of such a questionnaire is comparatively simple and easy because it does not involve setting up conceptual categories. However, this kind of questionnaire has very limited value because its results are less generalizable.
‚If the data-analysis is to be on categories , each of which contains a few questionnaire items, you must established either by a top-down approach or by a bottom-up approach.
By top-down approach you construct conceptual categories based on logical arguments or exsisting theories theories before you design specific items.
By bottom-up approach, you simply write down whatever items occur in your mind. You then classify these items into categories.
Слайд 30

Deciding on the content of individual item. If a questionnaire is

Deciding on the content of individual item.

If a questionnaire is intended

to contain several categories , you have to consider whether the items designed cover all the categories and whether each categories contains an adequate number of items.
- Use ordinary words
- Avoid leading questions
- Using dual statements: positive and negative
- Being caution in translation
Слайд 31

Choosing questions structure. There are two types of questions: open-ended questions

Choosing questions structure.

There are two types of questions: open-ended questions or

unstructured questions.
Open-ended questions refers to those whose answers are in the respondent’s own words and are difficult to predict. And these questions are always begin with “wh-”. In fact, this type of question is typically used to collect qualitative data.
‚In closed-questions or structured questions, the researcher provides respondents with a set of response alternatives. In other words, the respondents have to select one response out of the alternatives provided. They do not have the freedom to use their own words to express their response. The closed-questions may be multiple-choice, dichotomous or a scale.
a. Multiple-choice: the researchers offers a set of answers and respondents is expected to choose one or more alternatives given.
b. Dichotomous questions: it has only two alternatives to choose.
c. Scales: a scale is continuum upon which a set of alternative choices are placed.
Слайд 32

Determining the order of questions. Background information first General questions before specific questions

Determining the order of questions.

Background information first
General questions before specific questions

Слайд 33

Deciding the format of the questionnaire. Before you print out questionnaire,

Deciding the format of the questionnaire.

Before you print out questionnaire, you

need to decide the format ,space and the position of the question. Research find that questions place at the top receive more attention than the bottom.
Слайд 34

Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire. A pilot study

Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.

A pilot study is

one in which a questionnaire is tested on a small sample of respondents to detect and overcome potential problems.
Слайд 35

Administering the questionnaire Approaching the subjects professionally Trying to have face

Administering the questionnaire

Approaching the subjects professionally
Trying to have face to

face administrating
A good environment and suitable timing
Слайд 36

Designing a Questionnaire

Designing a Questionnaire

Слайд 37

Designing a Questionnaire With some questionnaires suffering from a response rate

Designing a Questionnaire

With some questionnaires suffering from a response rate

as low as 5%, it is essential that a questionnaire is well designed.
There are a number of important factors in questionnaire design.
Слайд 38

Designing a Questionnaire Aims Length Pilot Study Question Order Terminology Presentation

Designing a Questionnaire

Aims
Length
Pilot Study
Question Order
Terminology
Presentation

Слайд 39

Aims Make sure that all questions asked address the aims of

Aims

Make sure that all questions asked address the aims of the

research. However, use only one feature of the construct you are investigating in per item.
Слайд 40

Length The longer the questionnaire, the less likely people will complete

Length

The longer the questionnaire, the less likely people will complete it.

Questions should be short, clear, and be to the point; any unnecessary questions/items should be omitted.
Слайд 41

Pilot Study Run a small scale practice study to ensure people

Pilot Study

Run a small scale practice study to ensure people understand

the questions. People will also be able to give detailed honest feedback on the questionnaire design.
Слайд 42

Question Order Questions should progress logically from the least sensitive to

Question Order

Questions should progress logically from the least sensitive to the

most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the cognitive, and from the more general to the more specific.
The researcher should ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions.
Слайд 43

Terminology There should be a minimum of technical jargon. Questions should

Terminology

There should be a minimum of technical jargon. Questions should be

simple, to the point and easy to understand.
The language of a questionnaire should be appropriate to the vocabulary of the group of people being studied. Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members of different subpopulations of the population of interest.
For example, the researcher must change the language of questions to match the social background of respondents' age / educational level / social class / ethnicity etc.
Слайд 44

Presentation Make sure it looks professional, include clear and concise instructions.

Presentation

Make sure it looks professional, include clear and concise instructions.

If sent through the post make sure the envelope does not signify ‘junk mail.’
Слайд 45

ATTENTION Ethical Issues

ATTENTION

Ethical Issues

Слайд 46

Ethical Issues The researcher must ensure that the information provided by

Ethical Issues

The researcher must ensure that the information provided by the

respondent is kept confidential, e.g., name, address, etc.
This means questionnaires are good for researching sensitive topics as respondents will be more honest when they cannot be identified. Keeping the questionnaire confidential should also reduce the likelihood of any psychological harm, such as embarrassment.
Participants must provide informed consent prior to completing the questionnaire, and must be aware that they have the right to withdraw their information at any time during the survey/ study.
Слайд 47

Problems with Postal Questionnaires The data might not be valid (i.e.,

Problems with Postal Questionnaires

The data might not be valid (i.e.,

truthful) as we can never be sure that the right person actually completed the postal questionnaire.
Also, postal questionnaires may not be representative of the population they are studying?
Слайд 48

This is because some questionnaires may be lost in the post

This is because some questionnaires may be lost in the post

reducing the sample size.
* The questionnaire may be completed by someone who is not a member of the research population.
* Those with strong views on the questionnaire’s subject are more likely to complete it than those with no interest in it.
Слайд 49

Benefits of a Pilot Study A pilot study is a practice

Benefits of a Pilot Study

A pilot study is a practice

/ small-scale study conducted before the main study. It allows the researcher to try out the study with a few participants so that adjustments can be made before the main study, so saving time and money.
It is important to conduct a questionnaire pilot study for the following reasons:
* Check that respondents understand the terminology used in the questionnaire.
* Check that emotive questions have not been used as they make people defensive and could invalidate their answers.
* Check that leading questions have not been used as they could bias the respondent's answer.
* Ensure the questionnaire can be completed in an appropriate time frame (i.e., it's not too long).
- Предыдущая
Степень числа. Квадрат и куб числа. 5 класс
Следующая -
День работников леса

Похожие презентации

The USA.
Biological bases of Parasitism and Class
Презентация по английскому языку BRITISH TRADITIONS
Tolerance Student: Georgiy Igorevich Safin Class 4”B” School 14 27 Komsomolskaya Street Shakhunya Nizhniy Novgorod Region Teacher: Galina Viktorovna Kondrashova Shakhunya 2009
Полиглоты . Работу представила ученица 10 класса Баскаковской МСОШ Айдемирова Саният Учитель Трофимова Е.В.
RESEARCH WORK ON TOPIC «BRITISH LITERATURE: FAMOUS FAСES» Student: Kate Smirnova School: 119 Sankt-Petersburg Form: 11 b Assisting teacher: Tarasova R. D.
The Pleasure of Reading.
HOLIDAYS IN U.S.A
Periods of the english language
Halloween. Games
Технологии систематизации и обобщения знаний на уроках английского языка с применением цифровых образовательных ресурсов По
Времена глагола
What is your favourite colour? What is your favourite colour?
Оборот There is/are. Особый вид сказуемого есть, находится
Will or Be going to
Карточки, плакаты, игры на занятии по английскому языку
Present Simple or Present Continuous
Ancient Design
Презентация к уроку Module 3 “Getting Around” 3a “Road Safety” УМК Английский язык. 6 класс : учеб. для общеобразоват. учреждений / [Ю. Е. Ваулина
Презентация к уроку английского языка "THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ ВРЕМЯ)" - скачать бесплатно
Презентация к уроку английского языка "Vegetables" - скачать
Презентация Этап I. Тайна Шекспира Школьный проект «Шекспир жив
«British artist» Project work Helen Mulyarevich Form 10-A Lityn school №1
Интерактивный тест по теме «Погода» Фазлыева Наталья Азифовна Учитель английского языка МКОУ СОШ № 8 г.Бакала Челябинской облас
Глаголы
Презентация к уроку английского языка "The Amazing world of English - Speaking Countries" - скачать
Comparative
Memory game. Animals
Вы можете прислать нам Вашу презентацию и мы опубликуем ее на сайте.
Обратная связь
Для правообладателей
Email: Нажмите что бы посмотреть