Animal cages. Plant cells

Июль 27, 2022

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Биология
Animal cages. Plant cells

Содержание

2. Animal cells have the following parts A cell membrane (a thin layer that surrounds the cell):
3. Animal cells have the following parts
4. Plant cells have the following parts A cell wall (a strong structure that surrounds the cell
5. Plant cells have the following parts Cytoplasm (a liquid that surrounds the nucleus): carries out some
6. Cell division is the basis for the growth of an organism. Organisms are organised into: Cells→Tissues→Organs→Systems
7. Activity 2.1: How can we examine animal cells Prepare the slide Scrape the inside of your
8. Activity 2.1: How can we examine animal cells Viewing the slide Turn on the light on
9. To examine animal or plant cells under a microscope: Make sure there is light passing through
10. Turn the coarse focus knob to bring the lens away from the slide. Move the slide
11. Activity 2.3 To prepare a slide from plant tissue: Cut an onion and remove a thin
12. Draw a few drops of iodine solution across the cells using absorbent paper. MODULE 2 CELLS
13. Prokaryotic cells: Do not have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles Are small and more primitive than
14. Eukaryotic cells: Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell organelles Are larger and more advanced than prokaryotic
15. Substances in cells The main substances found in cells are: Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Proteins
16. The main substances cells need to survive are: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Substances in cells
17. Carbohydrates: Made of C, H and O in the ratio Cx(H2O)y, where x = y Types:
18. Lipids: Made of C, H and O Fats are solid and oils are liquid at room
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Слайд 2

Animal cells have the following parts
A cell membrane (a thin layer

that surrounds the cell):
holds the contents of the cell in place
controls what passes in and out of the cell.
A nucleus (a round structure that controls the cell):
contains chromosomes
chromosomes contain genes
genes are made of DNA
genes control features such as eye colour and ability to form finger nails
genes are passed on from parents to offspring.
Cytoplasm (a liquid that surrounds the nucleus):
carries out some cell reactions
contains small structures such as mitochondria (for energy).

Слайд 3

Animal cells have the following parts

Слайд 4

Plant cells have the following parts
A cell wall (a strong structure

that surrounds the cell membrane):
made of cellulose
gives strength to the plant cell.
A cell membrane (a thin layer that surrounds the cell):
holds the contents of the cell in place
controls what passes in and out of the cell.
A nucleus (a round structure that controls the cell)
contains chromosomes
chromosomes contain genes
genes are made of DNA
genes control features such as petal colour and the shape of the leaves
genes are passed on from parents to offspring.

Слайд 5

Plant cells have the following parts
Cytoplasm (a liquid that surrounds the

nucleus):
carries out some cell reactions
contains small structures such as chloroplasts (for photosynthesis).
Vacuole (a small liquid-filled bag in the cytoplasm):
gives strength to plant cells.

Слайд 6

Cell division is the basis for the growth of an organism.
Organisms

are organised into:

Cells→Tissues→Organs→Systems

MODULE 2 CELLS AND THE MICROSCOPE

Слайд 7

Activity 2.1: How can we examine animal cells
Prepare the slide
Scrape the

inside of your cheek with a cotton wool bud (or wooden spatula).
Smear the saliva from the bud or spatula onto the centre of a microscope slide.
Add a few drops of methylene blue (to stain the cell).
Lower a cover slip slowly over the saliva from a 450 angle.
Soak up any unwanted stain using tissue paper.

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Activity 2.1: How can we examine animal cells
Viewing the slide
Turn on

the light on the microscope (or adjust the mirror so the light is shining up through the opening in the microscope stage).
Turn the nose piece so that the lowest power lens is in position.
Place the slide on the centre of the microscope stage.
Using the coarse focus knob bring the stage up as close to the objective lens as possible.
Look into the eyepiece and adjust the coarse focus knob so that the cells are clearly visible.
If necessary move the slide slightly so you can see a good sample of cells.
Draw the cells that you see at low power.
Move the high power lens into position.
Use the fine focus knob to view a clear image of cells at high power.
Draw the cell or cells at high power.

Слайд 9

To examine animal or plant cells under a microscope:
Make sure there

is light passing through the opening in the stage.
Use the lowest power lens on the nosepiece.
Clip the slide onto the stage.
Turn the coarse focus knob to bring the stage close to the slide.

MODULE 2 CELLS AND THE MICROSCOPE

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Turn the coarse focus knob to bring the lens away from

the slide.
Move the slide so that the cells of interest are in the centre.
Adjust the amount of light passing through the slide.
Change the objective lens to a higher power and re-focus using the fine focus knob.
Draw labelled diagrams of the cells at each magnification.

MODULE 2 CELLS AND THE MICROSCOPE

Слайд 11

Activity 2.3
To prepare a slide from plant tissue:
Cut an onion

and remove a thin layer of cells.
Place the onion cells in water on a microscope slide.
Place a cover slip
over the onion cells.

MODULE 2 CELLS AND THE MICROSCOPE

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Draw a few drops of iodine solution across the cells using

absorbent paper.

MODULE 2 CELLS AND THE MICROSCOPE

Слайд 13

Prokaryotic cells:
Do not have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles
Are small and

more primitive than eukaryotic cells
Are found as bacteria.

A prokaryotic cell (TEM): note the absence of a membrane around
the red chromosomes in this bacterial cell

Слайд 14

Eukaryotic cells:
Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell organelles
Are larger and more

advanced than prokaryotic cells
Are found as plant and animal cells, fungi and Amoeba.

A eukaryotic cell (TEM): a plant cell
showing the pink nucleus surrounded by a double membrane; the nucleolus is brown

Слайд 15

Substances in cells
The main substances found in cells are:
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins

Слайд 16

The main substances cells need to survive are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Substances in

cells

Слайд 17

Carbohydrates:
Made of C, H and O in the ratio Cx(H2O)y, where

x = y
Types: (i) monosaccharides (one sugar unit), e.g. glucose, fructose; (ii) disaccharides (two sugar units), e.g. sucrose, maltose; (iii) polysaccharides (many sugar units), e.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen
Sources: bread, potato, rice, flour and sweets
Structural role: cellulose forms cell walls
Metabolic role: (i) glucose is made in photosynthesis; (ii) glucose releases energy in respiration
Test: (i) reducing sugars – Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution; (ii) starch – iodine.

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Lipids:
Made of C, H and O
Fats are solid and oils are

liquid at room temperature
Structure: glycerol and three fatty acids = triglyceride
Sources: butter, cream, oils and fried food
Structural role: (i) store energy; (ii) insulate; (iii) form membranes
Metabolic role: release energy in respiration
Test: brown paper.

Structure of a lipid (triglyceride)