Содержание
- 2. INTRODUCTION With its highly engineered joints, the living skeleton is intimately connected with the muscular system.
- 3. When you look at the human skeleton the 206 bones and 32 teeth stand out. But
- 4. The bones provide structure and protection and facilitate motion. Bones are arranged to form structures.
- 5. BONES ARE GROUPED INTO THE AXIAL SKELETON AND THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Bones of the appendicular skeleton
- 6. LONG BONES HAVE THREE MAIN PARTS TO THEM The outside of a long bone consists of
- 7. SOME BONES PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS Red bone marrow is soft tissue located in networks of
- 8. FLAT BONES PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS There are flat bones in: the skull (occipital [затылочная кость],
- 9. LONG BONES SUPPORT WEIGHT AND FACILITATE MOVEMENT The long bones, longer than they are wide, include:
- 10. SHORT BONES ARE CUBESHAPED Short bones are about as long as they are wide. Located in
- 11. IRREGULAR BONES HAVE COMPLEX SHAPES Irregular bones [смешанная кость] vary in shape and structure and therefore
- 12. SESAMOID BONES REINFORCE TENDONS Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are
- 13. SKULL BONES PROTECT THE BRAIN AND FORM AN ENTRANCE TO THE BODY The skull consists of
- 14. The spine is also known as the spinal or vertebral column, or simply “the backbone”. This
- 15. THE BONES OF THE THORACIC CAGE PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS The thoracic cage, formed by the ribs
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INTRODUCTION
With its highly engineered joints, the living skeleton is intimately connected
INTRODUCTION
With its highly engineered joints, the living skeleton is intimately connected
multitude of movements. The skeleton also integrates functionally with the cardiovascular system – as every second, millions of fresh blood cells pour out of the bone marrow. A healthy diet that provides enough minerals, especially calcium, along
with regular moderate exercise, can reduce the risks of many bone and and teeth break.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE SKELETON
The skeleton makes up almost one-fifth of a healthy body’s weight.
This flexible inner framework supports all other parts and tissues, which would collapse
without skeletal reinforcement.
It also protects certain organs, such as the delicate brain inside the skull.
Bones are reservoirs of important minerals, especially calcium, and also make new cells
for the blood.
About one person in 20 has an extra rib.
Bone is an active tissue, and even though it is about 22 per cent water, it has an
extremely strong yet lightweight and flexible structure.
A similar frame made of high-technology composite materials could not match the
skeleton’s weight, strength, and durability. It’s as strong as steel but light as aluminum.
It can repair itself if damaged and can remodel its bones to thicken and strengthen them
in areas of extra stress, when persons do extreme sports.
When you look at the human skeleton the 206 bones and
When you look at the human skeleton the 206 bones and
But look closer and you’ll see even more structures.
The human skeleton also includes ligaments and cartilage.
Ligaments are bands of dense and fibrous connective tissue that are key to the function of joints.
Cartilage is more flexible than bone but stiffer than muscle.
Cartilage helps give structure to the larynx and nose. It is also found between the vertebrae and at the ends of bones like the femur.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are strong bands or straps of fibrous tissue that provide support to bones and link bone ends together in and around joints.
They are made of collagen – a tough, elastic protein.
A large number of ligaments bind together the complex wrist and ankle joints.
The foot ligaments store energy as they stretch when the foot is planted and then impart it again as they recoil and shorten to put a “spring in the step”. This saves an enormous amount of energy when walking.
The bones provide structure and protection and facilitate motion.
Bones
The bones provide structure and protection and facilitate motion.
Bones
The skull protects the brain and gives shape to the face.
The thoracic cage surrounds the heart and lungs.
The vertebral column, commonly called the spine, is formed by over 30 small bones.
Then there are the limbs (upper and lower) and the girdles that attach
the four limbs to the vertebral column.
THE SKELETON PROTECTS VITAL ORGANS
The brain is surrounded by bones that form part of the skull. The heart and lungs are located within the thoracic cavity, and the vertebral column provides structure and protection for the spinal cord.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SKELETON, MUSCLES, AND NERVES MOVE THE BODY
How does the skeleton move? Muscles throughout the human body are attached to bones. Nerves around a muscle can signal the muscle to move. When the nervous system sends commands to skeletal muscles, the muscles contract. That contraction produces movement at the joints between bones.
BONES ARE GROUPED INTO THE AXIAL SKELETON AND THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones
BONES ARE GROUPED INTO THE AXIAL SKELETON AND THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones
Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs – skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
Of the 206 bones, 80 are in the axial skeleton, with 64 in the upper appendicular and 62 in the lower appendicular skeleton.
BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE TYPES
Bones of the human skeletal system are categorized by their shape and function into five types.
The femur is an example of a long bone.
The frontal bone is a flat bone.
The patella, also called the knee cap, is a sesamoid bone.
Carpals (in the hand) and tarsals (in the feet) are examples of short bones.
Vertebrae are classified as irregular shaped bones.
LONG BONES HAVE THREE MAIN PARTS TO THEM
The outside of a
LONG BONES HAVE THREE MAIN PARTS TO THEM
The outside of a
Red bone marrow contains haemopoietic tissue, the chief function of which is to produce all three main kinds of blood cell: red; white; and platelets.
At birth, red marrow is present in all bones, but with increasing age, in the long bones it gradually becomes yellow marrow and loses its blood-making capacity.
SOME BONES PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS
Red bone marrow is soft tissue
SOME BONES PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS
Red bone marrow is soft tissue
In adults the red marrow in bones produce blood cells of the:
Cranium (skull)
Vertebrae
Scapulae (shoulder bones)
Sternum (bone in the center of the chest)
Ribs
Pelvis
The epiphyseal ends of the large long bones
FLAT BONES PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
There are flat bones in:
the skull
FLAT BONES PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
There are flat bones in:
the skull
the thoracic cage (sternum [грудина] and ribs [рёбра])
the pelvis (ilium [подвздошная кость], ischium [седалищная кость], and pubis [лобковая кость]).
The function of flat bones is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs.
Flat bones can provide protection, like a shield and can also provide large areas of attachment for muscles.
LONG BONES SUPPORT WEIGHT AND FACILITATE MOVEMENT
The long bones, longer than
LONG BONES SUPPORT WEIGHT AND FACILITATE MOVEMENT
The long bones, longer than
The femur [бедренная кость] (the longest bone in the body)
Relatively small bones in the fingers.
Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include:
The lower limbs
Bones in the upper limbs
SHORT BONES ARE CUBESHAPED
Short bones are about as long as they
SHORT BONES ARE CUBESHAPED
Short bones are about as long as they
Located in the wrist and ankle joints, short bones provide stability and some movement.
Examples of short bones are:
The carpals [кости, образующие скелет запястья] in the wrist
The tarsals [предплюсна] in the ankles
IRREGULAR BONES HAVE COMPLEX SHAPES
Irregular bones [смешанная кость] vary in shape
IRREGULAR BONES HAVE COMPLEX SHAPES
Irregular bones [смешанная кость] vary in shape
SESAMOID BONES REINFORCE TENDONS
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. These
SESAMOID BONES REINFORCE TENDONS
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. These
Sesamoid bones function is to protect tendons from stress and wear.
The patella (надколенник), commonly referred to as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone.
SKULL BONES PROTECT THE BRAIN AND FORM AN ENTRANCE TO THE
SKULL BONES PROTECT THE BRAIN AND FORM AN ENTRANCE TO THE
The skull consists of the cranial bones and the facial skeleton. The cranial bones [кости черепа] compose the top and back of the skull and enclose the brain. The facial skeleton, as its name suggests, makes up the face of the skull.
The spine is also known as the spinal or vertebral column,
The spine is also known as the spinal or vertebral column,
Spine function
The spine consists of 33 ring-like bones called vertebrae. With the S shape, it acts like a spring and can flex when we are young and jump off of something. If it was straight up and down, it could break easily. The bottom nine vertebrae are fused
into two larger bones termed the sacrum and the coccyx, leaving 26 movable components within the spine.
THE BONES OF THE THORACIC CAGE PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
The thoracic cage,
THE BONES OF THE THORACIC CAGE PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
The thoracic cage,